Criminological Theories Essay Research Paper There are

Criminological Theories Essay, Research Paper

There are many different facets of condemnable justness policy. One in specific is the different theories of offense and how they affect the condemnable justness system. The Classical School of criminology is a theory about germinating from a capital penalty type of position to more humanist ways of penalizing people. Positivist criminology is keeping the control of human behaviour and condemnable behaviour. They did this through three different classs of Biological surveies, which are five methodological analysiss of offense that were chiefly focused on biological theories, Psychological theories, which contains four separate theories, and the Sociological theories, which besides includes four different methods of explicating why offense exists. The last theory is approximately Critical criminology. Their end was to transform society in a manner that would emancipate and authorise low-level groups of persons.

The Classical School of criminology was founded by “ European legal governments that thought offense was caused by supernatural forces ” ( DeKeseredy & A ; Schwartz, 1996, p.155 ) predating the 1700 & # 8217 ; s. The gimmick phrase “ The Satan made him make it ” was really popular because of the idea that people who committed offenses were evildoers or people who didn & # 8217 ; t follow God. Those who didn & # 8217 ; t follow God were known as misbelievers and this following led to the connexion of church and province where anguish or executing could go on to anyone that the authorities thought to be evil or a portion of witchery. Since the Middle Ages didn & # 8217 ; Ts have equal rights for all, adult females and the hapless were normally the 1s being prosecuted. With all of the jobs of the times, the authorities found and made whipping boies out of these people, and blamed them of the problems that were happening. As DeKeseredy and Schwartz ( 1996, p.156 ) stated, “ the most common manner of finding guilt was through anguish. It was a simple system: if you confessed, you were executed: is you did non squeal, the anguish continued until you died. ” This system of killing people was a well-respected manner of running the condemnable justness system. As clip passed, the penalties turned off from bring downing hurting on the organic structure and turned more towards bring downing hurting on the psyche. This meant that imprisonment of long periods of clip was traveling to take topographic point of executings.

A really of import theoretician in the Classical School of idea is Cesare Beccarria. He was a modest adult male who wrote an essay called On Crimes and Punishment. It was published as an anon. essay at first that was so successful, that a 2nd printing was done and he so put his name on it and it became an even greater success. It was so great that the publishing house translated it into many different linguistic communications, and was distributed to exceed public functionaries and authorities throughout Europe, Asia, and America. It became really influential in the battle to reform and develop new Torahs. Another theoretician, Jeremy Bentham, had a major consequence on condemnable jurisprudence through his Hagiographas and design characteristics. Some of the thoughts for the designing of prisons that he did were adapted to some of the American prisons being built subsequently on.

The Classical School of the modern times still plays a major function in the condemnable justness system. The “ Get tough on offense ” policy is still about today because of theoreticians view to maintain penalties to the least sum of penalty as possible to seek and forestall offense. Yet today, reviews still exist with this theory as with any other theories. The first is that of the cost/reward analysis and disincentive. In a survey done by Ken Tunnell, he concluded that felons do non measure the negative effects of their actions. The act of acquiring caught ne’er crosses their head because the menace of perpetrating the offense is adequate to maintain them from believing about the effects. Therefore, those felons that commit offenses that are under the influence of drugs or any other substance are even less rational about the effects than those who commit offenses. Another review is that of the penalty and disincentive theory. These theoreticians feel that being imprisoned for a offense can and will discourage more offenses of the similar. Prisons for illustration, are a dominant sense of doing the state experience safer because the felons are being locked up. Besides, the decease punishment can be a signifier of disincentive towards other felons because they are able to see what is go oning to other felons that commit the same types of offenses. Whether or non this does discourage felons from perpetrating offenses is another narrative.

The Positivist School of criminology began in the late nineteenth century and is still a portion of society today. The Positivist School suggests that in order to command offense, you have to utilize scientific methods to look for the causes of

offense. Some of import developments the theory included were commanding human behaviour, commanding condemnable behaviour, industrial revolutions, the outgrowth of modern scientific discipline, and eventually Darwin’s theory of development. Many premises had been made, but a few in peculiar stood out to be the most of import. Theorists said that human nature is determined before you are even born. Besides that it is differentiated which means that felons are different from non-criminals. The five methodological analysiss are based on biological features that may do the felons to perpetrate the offenses they based on certain features. The first method is physiognomy. This Judgess character by facial characteristics every bit good as physical characteristics. It can be traced back to Ancient Greece and Rome. The 2nd is phrenology. This Judgess the criminal’s intelligence and character based on the different forms of the skull. This method was popular in the early to mid 1800’s. Third, condemnable anthropology studied the condemnable human existences from birth. Lombroso’s theory of the biological impact on offense was to a great extent influenced by Darwin’s survey of development. Lombroso, the “ male parent of rationalist criminology ” believed he could analyze human behaviour and so turn up some factors that may do a form of offense in the individual. These people who committed such violent offenses were known as throwback because of their physical characteristics resembling that of animate beings. “ Chimpanzeelike ears, devious eyes, and big jaws ” ( DeKeseredy and Schwartz, 1996, p.178 ) , were a figure of features that many organic structure type theoreticians agreed upon as an property to a condemnable. Familial surveies were besides compared and contrasted, but no existent grounds was found to do the survey a important success. Some unfavorable judgments of the Biological theories is that there are unequal controls of environmental factors that had an consequence on these surveies. Besides, that correlativity is non causing because no condemnable behaviour can be inherently condemnable. Psychological theories of offense include intelligence, psychoanalytic, personality upsets, and humanistic theories. Intelligence theories connect to the Biological theories because of legion surveies done that showed correlativity to the sum of intelligence a individual has besides has to make with the possible size of the organic structure every bit good as other characteristics on the organic structure. Psychoanalytical theories are based on the work of Sigmund Freud. He said that offense is a symptom of deep-rooted jobs that don’t equilibrate the Id, Ego, and Superego. This is where sociopaths and psychopaths get their name from because they can’t equilibrate any of these together. Personality upsets deal with the different features of a individual internally. It was stated in category that felons have different personality traits than non-criminals. Whereas Humanist theories are based on the Hierarchy of Needs. Criticisms of Psychological theories include that most felons are mentally sick and can’t history for their actions because force is selective. Sociological theories are based on the positions that human behaviour is determined and that societal order is consensual. The Ecological theory is based chiefly on the Chicago School of idea. It shows that societal disorganisation causes offense. Subcultural and Learning theories suggest that offense is caused by larning and conforming to deviant subcultures values. Anomie and Strain theories suggest that inequality among different groups of people causes offense because of the subjugation faced among many different groups of people. Control Theories province that strong bonds to society cause conformance which in bend leads to weak bonds doing aberrance and delinquency.

Critical Criminology is based on the beginnings of offense that have to cover with category, ethnicity, and patriarchal dealingss that control the society we live in. Whether or non Critical Criminology supports the involvements of subsidiary groups in society, it does non ever come to be as clear of a topic that you might believe. Many of the theories of Critical Criminology reject the solutions to short-run solutions that make tougher Torahs and the increasing usage of prisons.

These are the theories of Criminology that affect our universe today. They play a major function in condemnable justness policy and should be considered major parts of the system. Such positions give manner to each other and may even collide with one another, but are really of import to today & # 8217 ; s society because they help people understand the functions that felons play in the society that they live in. They besides give grounds for why some felons do what they do.

Mentions

Barlow, M. H. ( 1999 ) . Class Notes. Crime and Criminal Justice Policy.

DeKeseredy, W. S. & A ; Schwartz, M. D. ( 1996 ) . Contemporary Criminology. Belmont, California: Wadsworth.