Dmitri Mendeleev Essay Research Paper The History

Dmitri Mendeleev Essay, Research Paper

The History of the Periodic Table of Elementss

Dmitri Mendeleev and the early Periodic Table

Dmitri Mendeleev was born in Tobolsk, Siberia, on February 7, 1834.He was the youngest of 14 kids born to Maria Dmitrievna Korniliev and Ivan Pavlovitch Mendeleev. His male parent was manager of the local secondary school. Maria Korniliev & # 8217 ; s household settled in Tobolsk in the early 1700 & # 8217 ; s and introduced paper- and glass-making to Siberia. Unfortunately, Ivan died when Dmitri was rather immature, go forthing his married woman to back up the big household. The decease hit them difficult economically particularly for a big household, which meant that Maria had no other pick but to happen work. Maria & # 8217 ; s household owned a glass mill and they allowed her to take over pull offing the company so she could back up the household. Dmitri, being the youngest, appears to hold been his female parent & # 8217 ; s favourite kid and was provided as many chances as she could afford. From his early old ages, she began to salvage money for Dmitri to go to the university.

As he grew older, it became evident that he had a bright hereafter. At the age of 14, he was go toing the Gymnasium in Tobolsk and his female parent was go oning to be after for his hereafter. In that twelvemonth, nevertheless, a 2nd major household calamity occurred ; the glass mill burned to the land. The household was devastated. Maria was non about to give up her dreams for her boy. She knew at this point that Dmitri & # 8217 ; s merely hope to travel on to school was to win a scholarship. So in his concluding old ages at the secondary school, Maria pushed Dmitri to better his classs and fix for entryway tests. After much nagging from his female parent and Bessargin, Mendeleev passed his secondary school tests and prepared to come in the university. In 1849 they moved Moscow. At this point the household included Maria, Dmitri, and Elizabeth ( Dmitri & # 8217 ; s older sister ) . In Moscow, they entered a clime of considerable political tumult, which made the university reluctant to acknowledge anyone from outside of Moscow. Mendeleev was rejected. Maria did non give up, nevertheless, and the household headed for St. Petersburg.

Mendeleev was left entirely to confront his work at the university. Dmitri fell right into his work at St. Petersburg. Mendeleev graduated and was awarded the decoration of excellence for being first in his category. Mendeleev already had his life & # 8217 ; s aspirations in head and, trusting to widen his life every bit long as possible, he moved to Simferopol in the Crimean Peninsula near the Black Sea in 1855 as head scientific discipline maestro of the secondary school. He was 21 old ages old.

In 1856, Mendeleev returned to St. Petersburg and defended his maestro & # 8217 ; s thesis: & # 8220 ; Research and Theories on Expansion of Substances due to Heat. & # 8221 ; Following his Masterss plan, Dmitri focused his life on his calling of learning and research. He was basically a instructor devoted to his work.The foremost led to his books and the periodic tabular array. In 1859, he was assigned by the Minister of Public Instruction to travel abroad to analyze and develop scientific and technological inventions. Between 1859 and 1861 he studied the densenesss of gases with Regnault in Paris and the workings of the spectroscope with Kirchoff in Heidelberg. He besides tested for the critical temperature. While in Heidelberg he met A.P. Borodin, a chemist.In 1860 at the Chemical Congress at Karlsruhe, Mendeleev had the chance to hear Cannizzaro discourse his work on atomic weights.

Following his trip abroad, the Russian chemist returned to his fatherland where he settled down to a life of learning and research in St. Petersburg. In 1863 he was named Professor of Chemistry at the Technological Institute and, in 1866, he became Professor of Chemistry at the University and was made Doctor of Science for his thesis & # 8220 ; On the Combinations of Water with Alcohol & # 8221 ; . As will be seen, his research findings were expansive and good to the Russian people. Dmitri was ever in touch with the schoolroom. Much of his lab work, including that on the periodic chart, occurred in his trim clip following his talks.

The Original Periodic Table.

Reihen Gruppe I.-R2O Gruppe II.-RO Gruppe III.-R2O3 Gruppe IV.RH4RO2 Gruppe V.RH3R2O5 Gruppe VI.RH2RO3 Gruppe VII.RHR2O7 Gruppe VIII.-RO4

1 H = 1

2 Li = 7 Be = 9,4 B = 11 C = 12 N = 14 O = 16 F = 19

3 Na = 23 Mg = 24 Al = 27,3 Si = 28 P = 31 S = 32 Cl = 35,5

4 K = 39 Ca = 40 & # 8211 ; = 44 Ti = 48 V = 51 Cr = 52 Mn = 55 Fe = 56, Co=59Ni=59, Cu=63

5 ( Cu = 63 ) Zn = 65 & # 8211 ; = 68 & # 8211 ; = 72 As = 75 Se = 78 Br = 80

6 Rb = 85 Sr = 87? Yt = 88 Zr = 90 Nb = 94 Mo = 96 & # 8211 ; = 100 Ru=104, Rh=104Pd=106, Ag=108

7 Ag = 108 Cd = 112 In = 113 Sn = 118 Sb = 122 Te = 125 J = 127

8 Cs = 133 Ba = 137? Di = 138? Ce = 140 & # 8211 ; – & # 8211 ; – & # 8211 ; – & # 8211 ;

9 ( – ) & # 8211 ; – & # 8211 ; – & # 8211 ; –

10 & # 8211 ; – ? Er = 178? La = 180 Ta = 182 W = 184 & # 8211 ; Os=195, Ir=197, Pt=198, Au=199

11 ( Au = 199 ) Hg = 200 Tl = 204 Pb = 207 Bi = 208 & # 8211 ; –

12 & # 8211 ; – & # 8211 ; Th = 231 & # 8211 ; U = 240 & # 8211 ; – & # 8211 ; – & # 8211 ;

Mendeleev was non afraid to show his political positions: These ideas led him to the find of the periodic jurisprudence, among other things, but besides led to his surrender from the University on August 17, 1890.

His most celebrated publications include Organic Chemistry, which was published in 1861 when he was 27 old ages old. This book won the Domidov Prize and put Mendeleev on the head of Russian chemical instruction. The first edition of Principles of Chemistry was printed in 1868. Both of these books are classroom texts. Besides his work on general chemical constructs as discussed earlier, Mendeleev spent much of his clip working to better technological progresss of Russia. Many of his research findings dealt with agricultural chemical science, oil refinement, and mineral recovery. Dmitri was besides one of the establishing members of the Russian Chemical Society in 1868, and helped open the lines of communicating between scientists in Europe and the United States. Mendeleev besides pursued surveies on the belongingss and behavior of gases at high and low force per unit areas, which led to his development of a really accurate differential barometer and farther surveies in weather forecasting.

His greatest achievement, nevertheless, was the stating of the Periodic Law and the development of the Periodic Table. From early in his calling, he felt that there was some type of order to the elements, and he spent more than 13 old ages of his life roll uping informations and piecing the concept.. Mendeleev was one of the first contemporary scientists in that he did non trust entirely on his ain work but instead was in correspondence with scientists around the universe in order to have informations that they had collected. He so used their informations along with his ain informations to set up the elements harmonizing to their belongingss.

In 1866, Newlands published a relationship of the elements entitled the & # 8220 ; Law of Octaves & # 8221 ; . Mendeleev & # 8217 ; s thoughts were similar to those of Newlands but Dmitri had more informations and felt that Newlands had non gone far plenty in his research. By 1869, the Russian chemist had assembled elaborate descriptions of more than 60 elements and, on March 6, 1869 a formal presentation was made to the Russian Chemical Society – & # 8221 ; The Dependence Between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements. & # 8221 ; Unfortunately, Mendeleev was sick and his friend Professor Menshutken gave the presentation. There were the exact eight points to his presentation:

1. The elements, if arranged harmonizing to their atomic weights, exhibit an evident cyclicity of belongingss.

2. Elementss, which are similar as respects their chemical belongingss, have atomic weights that are either of about the same value ( eg. Pt, Ir, Os ) or which increase on a regular basis ( vitamin E

.g. K, Ru, Cs ) .

3. The agreement of the elements, or of groups of elements in the order of their atomic weights, corresponds to their alleged valencies, every bit good as, to some extent, to their typical chemical belongingss ; as is evident among other series in that of Li, Be, Ba, C, N, O, and Sn.

4. The elements which are the most widely diffused have little atomic weights.

5. The magnitude of the atomic weight determines the character of the component, merely as the magnitude of the molecule determines the character of a compound organic structure.

6. We must anticipate the find of many as yet unknown elements-for illustration, elements correspondent to aluminium and silicon- whose atomic weight would be between 65 and 75.

7. The atomic weight of an component may sometimes be amended by a cognition of those of its immediate elements. Thus the atomic weight of Te must lie between 123 and 126, and can non be 128.

8. Certain characteristic belongingss of elements can be foretold from their atomic weights. ( 18 )

On November 29, 1870, Mendeleev took his construct even further by saying that it was possible to foretell the belongingss of undiscovered elements. He so proceeded to do anticipations for three new elements ( aluminum, B and Si ) and suggested several belongingss of each, including denseness, radii, and uniting ratios with O, among others. The scientific discipline universe was perplexed, and many scoffed at Mendeleev & # 8217 ; s anticipations. It was non until November 1875, when the Frenchman Lecoq de Boisbaudran discovered one of the predicted elements ( aluminum ) , which he named Gallium that Dmitri & # 8217 ; s thoughts were taken earnestly. The other two elements were discovered subsequently and their belongingss were found to be unusually similar to those predicted by Mendeleev. These finds, verifying his anticipations and turn outing his jurisprudence, took him to the top of the scientific discipline universe. He was 35 old ages old when the initial paper was presented

Throughout the balance of his life, Dmitri Mendeleev received legion awards from assorted organisations including the Davy Medal from the Royal Society of England in 1882, the Copley Medal, the Society & # 8217 ; s highest award, in 1905, and honorary grades from universities around the universe. Following his surrender from the University of St. Petersburg, the Russian authorities in 1893 appointed him Director of the Bureau of Weights and Measures. This was believed to hold been done to maintain down public disapproval of the authorities. Mendeleev continued to be a popular societal figure until his decease, on January 20, 1907 at the age of 73

The set out of the Periodic Table

There were some incompatibilities in the agreement of the elements harmonizing to his jurisprudence, nevertheless it wasn & # 8217 ; t until the early 1900 & # 8217 ; s ( 1914 ) that a Prof Moseley, a British Physicist, was able to find the atomic Numberss of all the known elements utilizing an experimental technique. Moseley so proceeded to rearrange the elements harmonizing to increasing atomic Numberss. Moseley & # 8217 ; s agreement seemed to unclutter up the contradictions and incompatibilities of Mendeleev & # 8217 ; s agreement, but Moseley based his agreement on atomic Numberss and non atomic multitudes.

Moseley & # 8217 ; s periodic jurisprudence is now considered the current Periodic Law. It resulted in a little change of Mendeleev & # 8217 ; s agreement, but the little difference was plenty to rectify the incompatibilities that existed in Mendeleev & # 8217 ; s agreement.

The elements are arranged in perpendicular columns known as Groups. The elements in each group have systematically high or low values for certain belongingss. The horizontal rows of elements are referred to as & # 8220 ; periods & # 8221 ;

Group 1 is called the base metal group. These are strong metals that are remarkably soft and really reactive toward Oxygen organizing Oxides and H2O organizing hydrated oxides of the metal. These elements are so reactive toward Oxygen and H2O vapour that they are stored under an inert liquid to protect them from Oxygen and H2O vapor.

Group 2 is called the alkaline Earth metals. These metals are non every bit soft as Group 1 metals. They besides react more mildly with Oxygen to bring forth oxides of the metals and merely respond with H2O at temperatures where the H2O is steam.

Groups 3-12 are referred to as the passage metal groups. These metals are non as predictable because of the screening consequence of the interior negatrons.

Groups 1-2 and 13-18 are referred to as the representative elements

Group 17 is referred to as the halogen group

Group 18 is referred to as the Noble gas group antecedently known as the inert gas group.

There are two particular series of elements that occur right after the passage metal component Actinium ( Actinides ) and Lanthanum ( Lanthanides ) .

The Modern Periodic Table

The thoughts of Mendeleev have led to immense developments in the Periodic Table. His rules on bring forthing the tabular array have made it easy to bring forth new versions of the tabular array when new elements are discovered. Here is a transcript of the current periodic tabular array

Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Time period

1 1H 2He

2 3Li 4Be 5B 6C 7N 9F 10Ne

3 11Na 12Mg 13Al 14Si 15P 16S 17Cl 18Ar

4 19K 20Ca 21Sc 22Ti 23V 24Cr 25Mn 26Fe 27Co 28Ni 29Cu 30Zn 31Ga 32Ge 33As 34Se 35Br 36Kr

5 37Rb 38Sr 39Y 40Zr 41Nb 42Mo 43Tc 44Ru 45Rh 46Pd 47Ag 48Cd 49In 50Sn 51Sb 52Te 53I 54Xe

6 55Cs 56Ba * 71Lu 72Hf 73Ta 74W 75Re 76Os 77Ir 78Pt 79Au 80Hg 81Tl 82Pb 83Bi 84Po 85At 86Rn

7 87Fr 88Ra ** 103Lr 104Rf 105Db 106Sg 107Bh 108Hs 109Mt 110Uun 111Uuu 112Uub 113Uut 114Uuq 115Uup 116Uuh 117Uus 118Uuo

*Lanthanoids * 57La 58Ce 59Pr 60Nd 61Pm 62Sm 63Eu 64Gd 65Tb 66Dy 67Ho 68Er 69Tm 70Yb

**Actinoids ** 89Ac 90Th 91Pa 92U 93Np 94Pu 95Am 96Cm 97Bk 98Cf 99Es 100Fm 101Md 102No

.

Discovery of Elementss

The tabular array below ( that was provided to me by chemicalelements.com ) shows the day of the month of which the elements were discovered. Many elements have been known since the Ancient Civilisations ( i.e. Sulphur, Cu, Lead and Silver ) . Others such as Ununbium have been discovered in recent old ages ( 1996 ) . Some elements besides have no known day of the month of find.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

1 H He

1766 1895

2 Li Be B C N O F Ne

1817 1798 1808 * 1772 1774 1886 1898

3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

1807 1808 1825 1823 1669 * 1774 1894

4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

1807 1808 1879 1791 1830 1797 1774 * 1737 1751 * 1746 1875 1886 * 1817 1826 1898

5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

1861 1790 1794 1789 1801 1778 1937 1844 1803 1803 * 1817 1863 * * 1782 1804 1898

6 Cs Ba * Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

1860 1808 1923 1802 1783 1925 1804 1804 1735 * * 1861 * * 1898 1940 1898

7 Fr Ra ** Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub

1939 1898 1969 1970 1974 1976 Disputed 1982 1987 1994 1996

* La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

1839 1803 1885 1925 1945 1879 1901 1880 1843 1886 1878 1843 1879 1878 1907

** Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

1899 1828 1917 1789 1940 1940 1945 1944 1949 1950 1952 1953 1955 1957 1961

* Known to ancient civilisations

Component Groups ( Families )

Alkali Earth Alkaline Earth Transition Metallic elements

Rare Earth Other Metallic elements Metalloids

Non-Metals Halogens Baronial Gass