Just English Essay Sample

Merely English. Àíãëèéñêèé äëÿ þðèñòîâ

Reproduce the contexts in which they were used. Make up your ain sentences with these words. TASK 5. Answer the undermentioned inquiries:
1. What concepts formed the footing of the earliest criminological theories?
2. How did the biological theories develop?
3. What was Montesquieu’s attack to causes of offense?
4. What views on offense predominated in the nineteenth century?
5. How did criminological theories develop in the twentieth century? 6. What is the relationship between the mental and emotional province of a individual and his or her dispositions to offense?
7. What are the latest positions on the causes of offense?
Undertaking 6. Render the undermentioned transition into English paying particular attending to the words and looks in bold type: Ïðåñòóïíîñòü è åå ïðè÷èíû
Ïðåñòóïíîñòü è åå ïðè÷èíû ìîãóò áûòü èçó÷åíû íà èíäèâè­äóàëüíîì . ãðóïïîâîì è ñîöèàëüíîì óðîâíÿõ . Èì . ñëåäîâàòåëüíî . ìîãóò áûòü äàíû ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêîå . ñîöèîëîãè÷åñêîå è ôèëîñîô­ñêîå îáúÿñíåíèÿ . Ýòè îáúÿñíåíèÿ íå ïðîòèâîðå÷àò äðóã äðóãó . à äîïîëíÿþò îäíî äðóãîå . ïîçâîëÿÿ ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàòü ïðè÷èíû ïðåñòóïíîñòè ñ ðàçëè÷íûõ ñòîðîí . Ðàññìàòðèâàÿ ýòó ïðîáëåìó íà èíäèâèäóàëüíîì óðîâíå . ìîæíî îáîçíà÷èòü ïðè÷èíû ïðåñòóïíîñòè êàê êîíôëèêò ïîâåäå­íèÿ ÷åëîâåêà ñ ñîöèàëüíîé ñðåäîé . Êîãäà ÷åëîâåê ïîïàäàåò â ïðîáëåìíóþ ñèòóàöèþ . îí ÷àñòî íå íàõîäèò ðåøåíèÿ âîçíèêøèõ ñëîæíîñòåé è âûáèðàåò ïðåñòóï­íûé ïóòü . Íî âîçíèêàåò åñòåñòâåííûé âîïðîñ : à ïî÷åìó ëè÷íîñòü ôîð­ìèðóåòñÿ òàêèì îáðàçîì ? È ïî÷åìó âîçíèêàþò ïðîáëåìíûå ñèòó­àöèè . ñòàâÿùèå ÷åëîâåêà ïåðåä òðóäíûì âûáîðîì ? Îòâåòèòü íà ýòè âîïðîñû íåâîçìîæíî . åñëè íå îáðàòèòüñÿ ê èçó÷åíèþ ñîâðå­ìåííîãî îáùåñòâà . Ïðè ýòîì î÷åâèäíî . ÷òî â êà÷åñòâå ïðè÷èí ïðåñòóïíîñòè âûñòóïàþò è ñîöèàëüíî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå . è ïîëèòè­÷åñêèå . è äóõîâíûå ôàêòîðû . òåñíî ñâÿçàííûå äðóã ñ äðóãîì .

Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâàìè . âåäóùèìè ê ïðåñòóïíîìó ïîâåäåíèþ . ñ÷èòàþòñÿ : àíòèîáùåñòâåííîå ïîâåäåíèå ðîäèòåëåé ; àëêîãîëèçì è íåðâíî-ïñèõè÷åñêèå çàáîëåâàíèÿ ðîäèòåëåé ; íèçêèé óðîâåíü êóëüòóðû â ñåìüå . Íåãàòèâíûìè îñîáåííîñòÿìè ëè÷íîñòè è ïîâåäåíèÿ ñ÷èòàþò­ñÿ : ïðåæíÿÿ ñóäèìîñòü ; ñîâåðøåíèå èíûõ ïðîòèâîïðàâíûõ ïîñ­òóïêîâ ; íåãàòèâíîå îòíîøåíèå ê íðàâñòâåííûì öåííîñòÿì ; çëîá­íîñòü . ãðóáîñòü è ìñòèòåëüíîñòü ; ïüÿíñòâî . óïîòðåáëåíèå íàðêî­òèêîâ . àçàðòíûå èãðû . Èòàê . ïîñëå òîãî . êàê ìû óçíàëè î êðèìèíîëîãèè äîñòàòî÷íî ìíîãîå . íåòðóäíî çàêëþ÷èòü . ÷òî ïðåñòóïíîñòü ìîæåò âîçíèêíóòü íà îñíîâå âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ëè÷íîñòè è ñîöèàëüíîé ñðåäû .

Argument

All felons are perverse people!
Fix your statements for or against the statement above. Use the active vocabulary from the Unit. Divide into two groups — pro and con. and carry on a argument. Appoint the ‘Chair’ of the argument who will give the floor to the talkers of both squads. UNIT 4. Punishment

Insight
In your sentiment. what does ‘punishment’ intend? What kinds of penalty do you cognize? TASK 1. Read the text and compose down Russian equivalents for the words in bold type: Punishment describes the infliction by some authorization of a want — normally painful — on a individual who has violated a jurisprudence. a regulation. or other norm. When the misdemeanor is of the condemnable jurisprudence of society there is a formal procedure of accusal and cogent evidence followed by infliction of a sentence by a designated functionary. ~

4
Merely English. Àíãëèéñêèé äëÿ þðèñòîâ
Chapter II. Crime and Punishment
45

normally a justice. Informally. any organized group — most typically the household. may penalize perceived offenders. Because penalty is both painful and guilt bring forthing. its application calls for a justification. In Western civilization. four basic justifications have been given: requital. disincentive. rehabilitation. and incapacitation. Most penal historiographers note a gradual tendency over the last centuries toward more indulgent sentences in Western states. Capital and bodily penalty. widespread in the early nineteenth century. are seldom invoked by modern-day society. Indeed. in the United States bodily penalty as such appears to be contrary to the 8th Amendment’s limitations on cruel and unusual penalty. Yet the rate of imprisonment in the United States appears to be turning. Furthermore. since the mid-1970s. popular and professional sentiment has taken a clearly punitory bend and now tends to see requital and incapacitation — instead than rehabilitation — as the ends of condemnable penalty. Condemnable sentences normally embrace four basic manners of penalty. In falling order of badness these are: captivity. community supervising. mulct. and damages. The decease punishment is now possible merely for certain types of flagitious slayings and lese majesty. Punishment is an ancient pattern whose presence in modern civilizations may look to be out of topographic point because it purposefully inflicts hurting. In the heads of most people. nevertheless. it continues to happen justification. TASK 2. Explain the significance of the undermentioned words and looks: authorization. governments

community supervising
disincentive
mulct
incapacitation
captivity
Undertaking 3. The word PUNITIVE has the undermentioned significances in Russian: 1 ) ñâÿçàííûé ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì íàêàçàíèÿ punitory article — ñòàòüÿ . óñòàíàâëèâàþùàÿ óãîëîâíóþ ñàíê­öèþ 2 ) êàðàòåëüíûé ; øòðàôíîé
punitory action — êàðàòåëüíàÿ ìåðà . êàðàòåëüíàÿ àêöèÿ Match the undermentioned English looks with their Russian equivalents:

1 )
punitory
condemning
a )
êàðàòåëüíàÿ ìåðà
2 )
punitory
establishment
B )
êàðàòåëüíîå âîçäåéñòâèå
3 )
punitory

justness
degree Celsius ) êàðàòåëüíîå ïðàâîñóäèå
4 ) punitive
jurisprudence
vitamin D ) êàðàòåëüíîå ó÷ðåæäåíèå
5 ) punitive
statute law
vitamin E ) ëèøåíèå ñâîáîäû êàê êàðà
6 ) punitive
step

çà ñîâåðø¸ííîå ïðåñòóïëåíèå
7 ) punitive
intervention
degree Fahrenheit ) óãîëîâíîå çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâî

g ) óãîëîâíûé çàêîí
Undertaking 4. Indicate out the chief thoughts of the text in Task 1. Make a list of them. TASK 5. Work in squads and compose down false statements based on the text in Task 1 ( no fewer than 6 statements ) . Show them in category. Use the information from the text in Task 1 to rebut the other team’s false statements. TASK 6. Complete the undermentioned text with the words and looks from the box: From the History of Punishment

criminals ; wrongdoer ; decapitation ; criminal conversation ; pillory ; penalty ; executing ; intentionally ; condemned ; antediluvian ; medieval ; guilty ; legal ; populace has been both painful and in order to move as hindrance to others. Physical penalties and public humiliations were societal events and carried out in most accessible parts of towns. frequently on market yearss when the greater portion of the population were present. Justice had to be seen to be done. One of the most eccentric methods ofwas inflicted in ancient Rome on people foundof slaying their male parents.

Their penalty was to be put in a poke with a cock. a viper. and a Canis familiaris. so drowned along with the three animate beings. In Greece the usage of leting a adult male to stop his ain life by toxicant was extended merely to full citizens. The philosopher Socrates died in this manner. Condemned slaves were beaten to decease alternatively. Stoning was the ancient method of penalty foramong other offenses.

In Turkey if a meatman was found guilty of selling bad meat. he was tied to a station with a piece of stinking meat fixed under his olfactory organ. or a baker holding sold short weight staff of life could be nailed to his door by his ear. One of the most common penalties for junior-grade offenses was

the. which stood in the chief square of towns. The was locked by custodies and caput into the device and made to stand sometimes for yearss. while crowds jeered and pelted the wrongdoer with icky veggies or worse. In Europe some methods of executing were drawn out to bring down maximal agony. were tied to a heavy wheel and rolled around the streets until they were crushed to decease. Others were strangled. really easy. One of the most awful penalties was hanging and billeting. The victim was hanged. beheaded and the organic structure cut into four pieces. It remained a method of penalty in Britain until 1814. was usually reserved for those of high rank. In England a block and axe was the common method but this was different from France and Germany where the victim kneeled and the caput was taken off with a swing of the blade. TASK 7. Answer the undermentioned inquiries:

1. Why did ancient penalty have to be painful?
2. What was the intent of doing penalties public?
3. What was the symbolic significance of the penalty inflicted on the parents’ liquidators?
4. What penalties were most common in the East?
5. How did penalties reflect societal position?
It’s Interesting to Know Joseph Ignace Guillotin
A physician and member of the Gallic Legislative Assembly. he suggested the usage of the closure by compartment for executings in 1789. A physician and human-centered. Guillotine was disturbed by coarseness of public executings and petitioned for a individual method of capital penalty to be used for all offenses demanding the decease sentence. The closure by compartment consists of a heavy blade with a diagonal border. which falls between two unsloped stations to cut off the victim’s caput flawlessly and rapidly. Similar machines had been used in assorted other states including Scotland and Italy. The chief thought was to do executing as speedy and painless as possible. The first individual executed by closure by compartment was the highjacker Pelletier in 1792. but the machine came into its ain in 1793. during the Reign of Terror following the Gallic Revolution. when blue bloods were guillotined by the 100. The device was nicknamed ‘Madame Guillotine’ after its patron. Charles Lynch

Captain Charles Lynch. of Virginia. writer of the ill-famed lynch jurisprudence. will everlastingly be linked with ‘vigilante justice’ . Lynch decided that he and his neighbors were excessively far from lawgivers and sheriffs to penalize decently the vandals and robbers terrorising the rural country. He encouraged the fellow citizens to subscribe a declaration he drafted. denoting the purpose to ‘take affairs in their ain hands’ . “If they ( felons ) do non abstain from their evil patterns. we will bring down such bodily penalty on them. as to us shall look equal to the offense committed or the harm sustained. ” Although the decease punishment was non ever exacted. in most instances the penalty turned out to be hanging. In add-on to the fact that many guiltless victims suffered lynching. a certain sum of guilt among the lynchers can be ascertained by the really technique for hanging felons. Lynch and his cohorts practiced a signifier of inactive hanging. A rope was tied around a tree and the condemned adult male placed on a Equus caballus with the other side of the rope strung snugly around his cervix. So the felon was killed non by the capturers fastening the noose. but the caprice of the Equus caballus. When the Equus caballus moved far plenty off from the tree. the rope choked the equestrian.

Chapter II. Crime and Punishment

Undertaking 2. Name the chief intents of State Punishment as mentioned in the text. Learn the text by bosom.

Insight
How make you understand the intent of State Punishment? In your sentiment. how should State Punishment be organised? TASK 1. Explain the significance of the words and looks from the box. Complete the undermentioned text utilizing these words and looks: offender ; misbehaviors ; hindrance ; requital ; decease punishment ; bodily penalty ; rehabilitate ; reform ; barbarian ; observant ; humane ; offense doesn’t pay What is the intent of penalty? One intent is evidently

tothe wrongdoer. to rectify the offender’s moral attitudes and anti-social behavior and tohim or her. which means to
help the wrongdoer to return to normal life as a utile member of the community.
Punishment can besides be seen as abecause it warns other people of what will go on if they are tempted to interrupt the jurisprudence and prevents them from making so. However. the 3rd intent of penalty prevarications. possibly. in society’s desire for. which fundamentally means retaliation. In other words. don’t we feel that a should endure for his?
The signifier of penalty should besides be considered. On the ope manus. some believe that we should “make the penalty fit the crime” . Those who steal from others should be deprived of their ain belongings to guarantee that felons are left in no uncertainty that.

For those who attack others should be used. Murderers should be capable to the rule “an oculus for an oculus and a tooth for a tooth” and automatically have the.
On the other manus. it is said that such positions are unreasonable. cruel andand that we should demo a more
attitude to penalty and seek to understand why a individual commits a offense and how society has failed to enable him to populate a respectable. life.
Unit of measurement 6. Treatment OF CRIMINALS
Undertaking 1. Match the undermentioned headers with the subdivisions of the text below: Rehabilitative plans Psychiatric and case-study methods Bentham attack Neoclassical school Preventive attack ( 1 ) Various correctional attacks developed in the aftermath of causing theories. The old theological and moralistic theories encouraged penalty as requital by society for immorality. This attitude. so. still exists. The 19th-century British legal expert and philosopher Jeremy Bentham tried to do the penalty more exactly suit the offense. Bentham believed that pleasance could be measured against hurting in all countries of human pick and behavior and that human felicity could be attained through such hedonistic concretion. He argued that felons would be deterred from offense if they knew. specifically. the agony they would see if caught. Bentham hence urged definite. inflexible punishments for each category of offense ; the hurting of the punishment would outweigh merely somewhat the pleasance of success in offense ; it would transcend it sufficiently to move as a hindrance. but non so much as to amount to piddle inhuman treatment. This alleged concretion of pleasances and strivings was based on psychological posits no longer accepted.

( 2 ) The Bentham attack was in portion superseded in the late 19th and early twentieth centuries by a motion known as the neoclassical school. This school. rejecting fixed penalties. proposed that sentences vary with the peculiar fortunes of a offense. such as the age. rational degree. and emotional province of the wrongdoer ; the motivations and other conditions that may hold incited to offense ; and the offender’s yesteryear record and opportunities of rehabilitation. The mfluence of the neoclassical school led to the development of such constructs as classs of offense and penalty. undetermined sentences. and the limited duty of immature or mentally lacking wrongdoers.

Merely English. Àíãëèéñêèé äëÿ þðèñòîâ
( 3 ) At about the same clip. the alleged Italian school stressed steps for forestalling offense instead than penalizing it. Members of this school argued that persons are shaped by forces beyond their control and hence can non be held to the full responsible for their offenses. They urged birth control. censoring of adult literature. and other actions designed to extenuate the influences lending to offense. The Italian school has had a permanent influence on the thought of contemporary criminologists.

( 4 ) The modern attack to the intervention of felons owes
most to psychiatric and case-study methods. Much continues to be learned from wrongdoers who have been placed on probation or word and whose behaviour. both in and out of prison. has been studied intensively. The modern-day scientific attitude is that felons are single personalities and that their rehabilitation can be brought about merely through single intervention. Increased juvenile offense has aroused public concern and has stimulated survey of the emotional perturbations that foster delinquency. This turning apprehension of delinquency has contributed to the apprehension of felons of all ages.

( 5 ) During recent old ages. offense has been under onslaught from
many waies. The intervention and rehabilitation of felons has improved in many countries. The emotional jobs of inmates have been studied and attempts have been made to assist such wrongdoers. Much. nevertheless. remains to be done. Parole boards have engaged individuals trained in psychological science and societal work to assist inmates on word or probation adjust to society. Assorted provinces have bureaus with plans of reform and rehabilitation for both
grownup and juvenile wrongdoers.

Many communities have initiated conjunct onslaughts on the conditions that breed offense. Criminologists recognise that both grownup and juvenile offense root chiefly from the dislocation of traditional societal norms and controls. ensuing from industrialisation. urbanisation. increasing physical and societal mobility. and the effects of economic crises and wars. Most criminologists believe that effectual offense bar requires community bureaus and plans to supply the counsel and control performed. ideally and traditionally. by the household and by the force of societal usage. Although the offense rate has non drastically diminished as a consequence of these attempts. it is hoped that the extension and betterment of all valid attacks to bar of offense finally will cut down its incidence.

Chapter II. Crime and Punishment
Undertaking 2. Write down the interlingual rendition of the sentences from the text above given in bold type. TASK 3. Find in the text the English equivalents for the undermentioned words and looks: 1. áåññìûñëåííàÿ æåñòîêîñòü

2. äîñðî÷íîå îñâîáîæäåíèå
3. çàäåðæàíèå . àðåñò
4. îáùåñòâåííûå îðãàíèçàöèè
5. îãðàíè÷åííàÿ îòâåòñòâåííîñòü
6. îñâîáîæäåíèå íà ïîðóêè
7. ïîðîæäàòü ïðåñòóïëåíèå
8. ïðåñòóïëåíèÿ . ñîâåðøåííûå íåñîâåðøåííîëåòíèìè 9. ïðèâëåêàòü âíèìàíèå îáùåñòâåííîñòè

2. If you were the justice. what other facts and fortunes would you like to cognize?
3. If you were the justice. would you give a different sentence? 4. Would you take a lighter sentence. or a more terrible one? 5. How would you hold felt if you had been the victim of the offense?
6. How would you hold felt if you had been the suspect?
Manslaughter
In 1981 Marianne Bachmeir. from Lubeck. West Germany. was in tribunal watching the test of Klaus Grabowski. who had murdered her 7 year-old girl. Grabowski had a history of assailing kids. During the test. Frau Bachmeir pulled a Beretta 22 handgun from her pocketbook and fired eight slugs. six of which hit Grabowski. killing him. The defense mechanism said she had bought the handgun with the purpose of perpetrating self-destruction. but when she saw Grabowski in tribunal she drew the handgun and pulled the trigger. She was found non guilty of slaying. but was given six old ages imprisonment for manslaughter. West German newspapers reflected the sentiment of 1000000s of Germans that she should hold been freed. naming her ‘the avenging mother’ . Crime of Passion

Bernard Lewis. a thirty-six-old adult male. while fixing dinner became involved in an statement with his bibulous married woman. In a tantrum of a fury Lewis. utilizing the kitchen knife with which he had been fixing the repast. stabbed and killed his married woman. He instantly called for aid. and readily confessed when the first flatfoot appeared on the scene with the ambulance attender. He pleaded guilty to manslaughter. The probation department’s probe indicated that Lewis was a stiff person who ne’er drank. worked on a regular basis. and had no old felon record. His thirty-year-old asleep married woman. and female parent of three kids. was a ‘fine girl’ when sober but was often intoxicated and on a figure of occasions when intoxicated had left their little kids unattended. After due consideration of the background of the offense and particularly of the predicament of the three motherless childs. the justice placed Lewis on probation so that he could work. support and. take attention of the kids. On probation Lewis adjusted good. worked on a regular basis. appeared to be devoted to the kids. and a few old ages subsequently was discharged as ‘improved’ from probation. Murder

In 1952 two young persons in Mitcham. London. decided to rob a dairy. They were Christopher Craig. aged 16. and Derek William Bentley. 19. During the robbery they were disturbed by Sydney Miles. a police officer. Craig produced a gun and killed the police officer. At that clip Britain still had the decease punishment for certain types of slaying. including slaying during a robbery. Because Craig was under 18. he was sentenced to life imprisonment. Bently who had ne’er touched the gun. was over 18. He was hanged in 1953. The instance was quoted by oppositions of capital penalty. which was abolished in 1965. Assault

In 1976 a rummy walked into a supermarket. When the director asked him to go forth. the rummy assaulted him. strike harding out a tooth. A police officer who arrived and tried to halt the battle had his jaw broken. The rummy was fined 10 lbs. Shop-lifting

In June 1980 Lady Isabel Barnett. a well-known Television personality was convicted of stealing a Sn of tuna fish and a carton of pick. entire value 87p. from a little store. The instance was given tremendous promotion. She was fined 75 lbs and had to pay 200 lbs towards the cost of the instance. A few yearss subsequently she killed herself. Fraud

This is an illustration of a civil instance instead than a condemnable 1. A adult male had taken out an insurance policy of 100. 000 lbs on his life. The policy was due to run out at 3 o’clock on a certain twenty-four hours. The adult male was in serious fiscal troubles. and at 2. 30 on the expire twenty-four hours he consulted his canvasser. He so went out and called a cab. He asked the driver to do a note of the clip. 2. 50. He so shot himself. Suicide used non to call off an insurance policy automatically. ( It does nowadays. ) The company refused to pay the man’3 married woman. and the tribunals supported them. Argument

Chapter II. Crime and Punishment
Unit of measurement 7. Capital Punishment: History
Undertaking 1. Match the undermentioned headers with the subdivisions of the text below: Effectiveness
History
Moral facet
( 1 ) Capital penalty is a legal imposition of the decease punishment. in modern jurisprudence. bodily penalty in its’ most terrible signifier. The usual option to the decease punishment is long-run or life imprisonment. The earliest historical records contain grounds of capital penalty. It was mentioned in the Code of Hammurabi. The Bible prescribed decease as the punishment for more than 30 different offenses. runing from slaying to fornication. The Draconian Code of ancient Greece imposed capital penalty for every offense. In England. during the reign of William the Conqueror. the decease punishment was non used. although the consequences of question and anguish were frequently fatal. By the terminal of the fifteenth century. English jurisprudence recognised six major offenses: lese majesty. slaying. theft. burglary. colza. and incendiarism. By 1800. more than 200 capital offenses were recognised. and as a consequence. 1000 or more individuals were sentenced to decease each twelvemonth ( although most sentences were commuted by royal forgiveness ) . In early American settlements the decease punishment was normally authorized for a broad assortment of offenses. Blacks. whether slave or free. were threatened with decease for many offenses that were punished less badly when committed by Whites. Attempts to get rid of the decease punishment did non garner impulse until the terminal of the eighteenth century.

In Europe. a short treatise. On Crimes and Punishments. by the Italian legal expert Cesare Beccaria. inspired influential minds such as the Gallic philosopher Voltaire to oppose anguish. whipping. and the decease punishment. The abolishment of capital penalty in England in November 1965 was welcomed by most people with humane and progressive thoughts. To them it seemed a going from feudal system. from the barbarous pre-Christian spirit of retaliation: an oculus for an oculus and a tooth for a tooth. Many of these people think otherwise now. Since the abolishment of capital penalty offense — and particularly slaying — has been on addition throughout Britain. Today. hence. public sentiment in Britain has changed Peoples who before. besides in Parliament. stated that capital penalty was non a hindrance to slay — for at that place have ever been slayings in all states with or without the jurisprudence of executing — now feel that killing the bravo is the lesser of two immoralities. Capital penalty. they think. may non be the ideal reply. but it is better than nil. particularly when. as in England. a sentence of life imprisonment merely lasts eight or nine old ages. ( 2 ) The cardinal inquiries raised by the decease punishment are whether it is an effectual hindrance to violent offense. and whether it is more effectual than the option of long-run imprisonment. Defenders of the decease punishment insist that because taking an offender’s life is a more terrible penalty than any prison term. it must be the better hindrance. SUPPORTERS besides argue that no equal hindrance in life imprisonment is effectual for those already functioning a life term who commit slaying while being in prison. and for revolutionists. terrorists. treasonists. and undercover agents.

In the U. S. those who argue against the decease punishment as a hindrance to offense mention the followers: ( . 1 ) Adjacent provinces. in which 1 has a decease punishment and the other does non. demo no important differences in the slaying rate ; ( 2 ) provinces that use the decease punishment seem to hold a higher figure of homicides than provinces that do non utilize it ; ( 3 ) provinces that abolish and so re-introduce the decease punishment do non look to demo any important alteration in the slaying rate ; ( 4 ) no alteration in the rate of homicides in a given metropolis or province seems to happen following an expositive executing. In the early 1970s. some published studies showed that each executing in the U. S. deterred eight or more homicides. but subsequent research has discredited this determination. The current prevalent position among criminologists is that no conclusive grounds exists to demo that the decease punishment is a more effectual hindrance to violent offense than long-run imprisonment. ( 3 ) The authoritative moral statements in favour of the decease punishment have been scriptural and name for requital “Whosoever sheds man’s blood. by adult male shall his blood be shed” has normally been interpreted as a Godhead warrant for seting the liquidator to decease. “Let the penalty fit the crime” is its secular opposite number ; both statements imply that the liquidator deserves to decease. Defenders of capital penalty have besides claimed that society has the right to kill in defense mechanism of its members. merely as the person may kill in self- defense mechanism. The analogy to self-defense. nevertheless. is slightly

doubtful. every bit long as the effectivity of the decease punishment as a hindrance to violent offenses has non been proved.
The main expostulation to capital penalty has been that it is ever used below the belt. in at least three major ways. First. adult females are seldom sentenced to decease and executed. even though 20 per cent of all homicides in recent old ages have been committed by adult females. Second. a disproportional figure of non-whites are sentenced to decease and executed. Third. hapless and outcast suspects. those with inexperient or court-appointed lawyer. are most likely to be sentenced to decease and executed. Defenders of the decease punishment. nevertheless. have insisted that. because none of the Torahs of capital penalty causes sexist. racialist. or class’ prejudice in its usage. these sorts of favoritism are non a sufficient ground for get rid ofing the decease punishment. Oppositions have replied that the decease punishment can be the consequence of a error in pattern and that it is impossible to administrate reasonably. TASK 2. Find in the text the English equivalents for the undermentioned words and looks related to penalty: 1. âîçìåçäèå

2. äîëãîñðî÷íîå òþðåìíîå çàêëþ÷åíèå 3. äîïðîñ
4. îòáûòü ñðîê â òþðüìå
5. îòìåíà ñìåðòíîé êàçíè
6. ïîæèçíåííîå òþðåìíîå çàêëþ÷åíèå 7. ïîêàçàòåëüíàÿ êàçíü
8. ïðèãîâàðèâàòü ê ñìåðòè
9. ïûòêà

10. ñìÿã÷èòü ïðèãîâîð
11. òåëåñíûå íàêàçàíèÿ
Undertaking 3. Translate the undermentioned transition into English paying particular attending to the words in bold type: Íà ïðîòÿæåíèè âåêîâ ñìåðòíàÿ êàçíü íàçíà÷àëàñü çà ñàìûå ðàçíûå âèäû ïðåñòóïëåíèé .  ñðåäíèå âåêà ÷åëîâåêà ìîãëè êàç­íèòü çà õèùåíèå èìóùåñòâà . èçíàñèëîâàíèå è äàæå ïîäæîã . Ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ èçìåíà áûëà è îñòàåòñÿ âî ìíîãèõ ñòðàíàõ ïðå­ñòóïëåíèåì . íàêàçóåìûì ñìåðòíîé êàçíüþ . Ñóùåñòâóåò ìíåíèå . ÷òî äàæå äîëãîñðî÷íîå èëè ïîæèçíåííîå òþðåìíîå çàêëþ÷åíèå ÿâëÿåòñÿ áåññìûñëåííûì íàêàçàíèåì äëÿ òàê íàçûâàåìûõ ‘èäåîëîãè÷åñêèõ’ ïðåñòóïíèêîâ : ïðåäàòåëåé . øïèîíîâ . òåððîðèñòîâ . Ñìåðòíàÿ êàçíü äëÿ òàêîãî ðîäà ïðåñòóïíèêîâ — ìåíüøåå èç äâóõ çîë . TASK 4. Answer the undermentioned inquiries:
1. Why was capital penalty imposed so often in antediluvian societies?
2. Why were inkinesss punished more badly than Whites in early American settlements?
3. When did European minds begin sing the
options to decease punishment?
4. How have the attitudes towards capital penalty changed in Britain since the abolishment of decease punishment in 1965?
5. Is imprisonment effectual for revolutionists and terrorists? Why?

6. How have Americans treated the job of decease punishment?
7. What factors may halter just disposal of justness in capital instances?
Undertaking 5. Continue the tabular array below with the undermentioned words and looks depicting polar positions. The first few are done for you:

Murder is ever a mistake… One should ne’er make anything that one can non speak about after dinner. Oscar Wilde
A adult male sentenced to decease was being taken to the executing topographic point in really awful conditions.
“What icky weather” . he remarked.
“You are non the 1 to grumble” . commented one of the bodyguard. “We’ve got yet to travel back” .
Unit of measurement 8. Capital Punishment: FOR AND AGAINST
Possibly all felons should be required to transport cards which read: “Fragile: Handle With Care” . It will ne’er make. these yearss. to travel around mentioning to felons as violent hoods. You must mention to them courteously as ‘social misfits’ . The professional slayer who wouldn’t think twice about’using his blackjack or wrecking bar to buffet some harmless old lady to decease in order to rob her of her meager life-savings must ne’er be given a dosage of his ain medical specialty. He is in demand of ‘hospital treatment’ . Harmonizing to his ill-conceived guardians. society is to fault. A wicked society strains evil — or so the statement goes. When you listen to this sort of talk. it makes you wonder why we aren’t. all felons. We have done off with the absurdly rough Torahs of the 19th century and this is merely right. But certainly adequate is adequate. The most mindless piece of condemnable statute law in Britain and a figure of other states has been the suspension of capital penalty. The violent felon has become a sort of hero-figure in our clip. He is glorified on the screen ; he is pursued by the imperativeness and paid huge amounts of money for his ‘memoirs’ . Newspapers which specialise in crime-reporting enjoy tremendous circulations and the publishing houses of rubbishy bulls and robbers narratives or ‘murder mysteries’ have ne’er had it so good.

When you read about the accomplishments of the great train robbers. it makes you wonder whether you are reading about some glorious opposition motion. The hard-boiled felon is cuddled and cosseted by the sociologists on the one manus and adored as a hero by the multitudes on the other. It’s no admiration he is a privileged individual who expects and receives VIP intervention wherever he goes. Capital penalty used to be a major hindrance. It made the violent robber believe twice earlier drawing the trigger. It gave the inhuman poisoner something to chew over approximately while he was agitating up or functioning his arsenic cocktail. It prevented unarmed police officers from being mowed down while prosecuting their responsibility by slayers armed with automatic arms. Above all. it protected the most vulnerable members of society. immature kids. from barbarous sex-maniacs. It is dismaying to believe that the felon can literally acquire away with slaying. We all know that ‘life sentence’ does non intend what it says. After 10 old ages or so of ‘good conduct’ . the most despairing scoundrel is free to return to society where he will populate really comfortably. thank you. on the returns of his offense. or he will travel on perpetrating offenses until he is caught once more. Peoples are ever willing to keep broad positions at the disbursal of others. It’s ever stylish to present as the guardian of the under-dog. so long as you. personally. remain unaffected. Make the guardians of offense. admirations. in their desire for fair-play. confer with the victims before they suspended capital penalty? Barely. You see. they couldn’t. because all the victims were dead. TASK 1. Explain the significance of the undermentioned words and looks: I

a barbarous sex-maniac
• to buffet
a inhuman poisoner
• to engender immoralities
a despairing scoundrel
• to pamper
a hard-boiled felon
• to snuggle
a professional slayer
• to discourage felons
‘a societal misfit’
• to make away with
a train robber
• to acquire away with slaying
a violent felon

• to travel on perpetrating
a violent robber
offenses
a violent hood
• to cut down down

• to draw the trigger

• to rob

• to believe twice
Undertaking 2. Analyze the undermentioned cardinal phrases from the text above. Reproduce the text utilizing these cardinal phrases: 1. Criminals should transport cards: “Fragile: Handle With Care” . 2. We mustn’t refer to them as hood. but as societal misfits. 3. Killer who murders old lady for nest eggs demands ‘hospital

treatment’ .
4. “Society is to blame” statement — why aren’t we all
felons?
5. We have done away with absurdly rough Torahs: that’s plenty. 6. Suspension of capital penalty: senseless.
7. Violent felon: a hero figure.
8. Glorified on screen and by imperativeness.
9. Great demand for offense narratives.

10. Train robbers: a glorious opposition motion?
11. Cuddled by sociologists. adored by multitudes. the felon is a privileged individual.
12. He expects and receives VIP intervention.
13. Capital penalty was one time a major hindrance.
14. It protected unarmed police officers. immature kids.
15. Now the felon can acquire off with slaying.

16. ‘Life sentence’ : ten old ages of ‘good conduct’ and so
freedom to populate on the returns of offense.

17. Peoples hold broad positions at the disbursal of others.
18. Were victims consulted before suspension of capital
penalty? No: they were dead.
Undertaking 3. Follow the statements given in Task 2. Supply counter­arguments to each statement. Compare your list with those of other pupils. TASK 4. Read the text below and compose down the chief thoughts in Russian paying particular attending to the words and looks in bold type. Translate them into English. Use the vocabulary from the Unit to render the text into English: Ïðèøëî âðåìÿ îòìåíèòü ñìåðòíóþ êàçíü . Ñ êàæäûì ãîäîì ýòî ñòàíîâèòñÿ âñå áîëåå î÷åâèäíûì . Îïûò âñåõ ñòðàí ïîêàçûâà­åò . ÷òî ñìåðòíàÿ êàçíü ïðèâîäèò ê îæåñòî÷åíèþ â îáùåñòâå .  ðÿäå ñòðàí ñìåðòíûå ïðèãîâîðû ïðèìåíÿþòñÿ â îñíîâíîì ê ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿì íåèìóùèõ ñëîåâ íàñåëåíèÿ ëèáî ðàñîâûõ èëè ýòíè÷åñêèõ ìåíüøèíñòâ .  íåêîòîðûõ ñòðàíàõ ñìåðòíàÿ êàçíü ñ÷èòàåòñÿ ìåðîé . áåç êîòîðîé íåâîçìîæíî îñòàíîâèòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå íàðêîòèêîâ . ëèêâèäèðîâàòü ïîëèòè÷åñêèé òåððîðèçì . ýêîíîìè÷åñêóþ êîð­ðóïöèþ èëè èñêîðåíèòü ñóïðóæåñêóþ íåâåðíîñòü . Îäíàêî íåò íèêàêèõ äîêàçàòåëüñòâ . ÷òî åå ïðèìåíåíèå ñïîñîáíî ñíèçèòü óðîâåíü ïðåñòóïíîñòè èëè ïîëèòè÷åñêîãî íàñèëèÿ . Ñìåðòíóþ êàçíü ÷àñòî èñïîëüçóþò êàê ñðåäñòâî ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ ðåïðåññèé . à ñìåðòíûå ïðèãîâîðû âûíîñÿòñÿ è ïðèâîäÿòñÿ â èñïîëíåíèå ïðîèçâîëüíî . Îïðàâäûâàÿ ñìåðòíóþ êàçíü . ÷àùå âñåãî ãîâîðÿò . ÷òî îíà íåîáõîäèìà . ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå âðåìåííî . äëÿ áëàãà îáùåñòâà . Îäíàêî èìååò ëè ãîñóäàðñòâî ïðàâî ëèøàòü ÷åëîâåêà æèçíè ? Ñìåðòíàÿ êàçíü — ýòî ïðåäóìûøëåííîå è õëàäíîêðîâíîå óáèéñòâî ÷åëîâåêà ãîñóäàðñòâîì . Ñàìî ñóùåñòâîâàíèå ýòîé ìåðû íàêàçàíèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîïðàíèåì îñíîâíûõ ïðàâ ÷åëîâåêà : ìåæ­äóíàðîäíîå ïðàâî çàïðåùàåò æåñòîêèå . íåãóìàííûå èëè óíèæà­þùèå ÷åëîâåêà íàêàçàíèÿ . Ìíîãîâåêîâîé îïûò ïðèìåíåíèÿ âûñøåé ìåðû íàêàçàíèÿ è íàó÷íûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ î âçàèìîñâÿçè ñìåðòíîé êàçíè è óðîâíÿ ïðåñòóïíîñòè íå äàëè óáåäèòåëüíûõ äîêàçàòåëüñòâ . ÷òî ñìåðòíàÿ êàçíü ñïîñîáíà ýôôåêòèâíî çàùèòèòü îáùåñòâî îò ïðåñòóïíîñòè èëè ñïîñîáñòâîâàòü ïðàâîñóäèþ . Íè îäíà ñèñòåìà óãîëîâ­íîé þñòèöèè íå äîêàçàëà ñâîþ ñïîñîáíîñòü ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíî è ñïðàâåäëèâî ðåøàòü . êòî äîëæåí æèòü è êòî — óìåðåòü . Íåêîòî­ðûì óäàåòñÿ èçáåæàòü ñìåðòíîé êàçíè ñ ïîìîùüþ êâàëèôèöè­ðîâàííûõ çàùèòíèêîâ ; äðóãèì — ïîòîìó ÷òî èõ ñóäÿò ìÿãêî­ñåðäå÷íûå ñóäüè èëè ïðèñÿæíûå ; òðåòüèì ïîìîãàþò èõ ïîëèòè­÷åñêèå ñâÿçè èëè ïîëîæåíèå â îáùåñòâå . Ñóùåñòâóåò îïðåäåëåííûé ïðîöåíò ñóäåáíûõ îøèáîê . ïîñëåäñòâèÿ êîòîðûõ îñîáåííî òðàãè÷íû ïðè ïðèâåäåíèè ñìåðòíî­ãî ïðèãîâîðà â èñïîëíåíèå . TASK 5. Analyze the undermentioned facts and statements:

Fiscal Costss
The decease punishment is non now. nor has it of all time been. a more economical option to life imprisonment. A slaying test usually takes much longer when the decease punishment is at issue than when it is non. Litigation costs — including the clip of Judgess. prosecuting officers. public guardians. and tribunal newsmans. and the high costs of Jockey shortss — are all borne by the taxpayer. Inevitability of Mistake

In 1975. merely a twelvemonth before the Supreme Court affirmed the constitutionality of capital penalty. two Afro-american work forces in Florida were released from prison after twelve old ages expecting executing for the slaying of two white work forces. Their strong beliefs were the consequence of coerced confessions. erroneous testimony of an alleged eyewitness. and unqualified defence advocate. Though a white adult male finally admitted his guilt. a nine-year legal conflict was required before the governor would allow them a forgiveness. Had their executing non been stayed while the constitutional position of the decease punishment was argued in the tribunals. these two inexperienced person work forces likely would non be alive today. Atrocity

The latest manner of bring downing the decease punishment. enacted into jurisprudence by about two twelve American provinces. is deadly injection. foremost used in Texas in 1982. It is easy to exaggerate the humaneness and efficaciousness of this method. There is no manner of cognizing that it is truly painless. As the U. S. Court of Appeals observed. there is “substantial and uncontroverted grounds … that executing by deadly injection poses a serious hazard of cruel. protracted death… . Even a little mistake in dose or disposal can go forth a captive witting but paralysed while deceasing. a animate informant of his or her ain suffocation. ” Disincentive

Gangland violent deaths. air buccaneering. drive-by shots. and nobbling for ransom are among the graving tool felonies that continue to be committed because some persons think they are excessively cagey to acquire caught. Political terrorist act is normally committed in the name of an political orientation that honors its sufferer ; seeking to get by with it by endangering terrorists with decease punishment is ineffectual. TASK 6. The undermentioned key notes represent the general thoughts of the oppositions of capital penalty. Use the statements and illustrations from Task 5. Write down the complete text utilizing these cardinal notes and show your text in category: 1. We shouldn’t be blinded by emotional statements: glory of condemnable on screen. etc. . irrelevant.

2. What are the facts? In Britain capital offense has non increased since suspension of capital penalty.
3. This has been proved many times in the yesteryear: relaxation of rough Torahs has ne’er led to increase in offense.
4. Therefore the ‘deterrent’ statement is absurd: capital
penalty has ne’er protected anyone.
5. Those in favor of capital penalty are motivated merely
by desire for retaliation and revenge.
6. There has been a pronounced tendency in society towards the
humane intervention of less fortunate members.
7. Compare the intervention of the insane in the yesteryear with today. 8. Hanging. electric chairs. garrotting. etc. . are barbarian patterns. unworthy of human existences.
9. Suspension of capital penalty is enlightened and civilised.

10. Capital penalty creates. it does non work out. jobs. 11. Solution lies elsewhere: society is to fault.
12. Overcrowding. slums. poorness. broken places: these are the factors that lead to offense.
13. Crime can merely be drastically reduced by the riddance of societal unfairnesss — non by making alleged ‘deterrents’ when the existent jobs remain unresolved.

Argument
There is no room for capital penalty in a civilized society. Use the information and the vocabulary from the Unit to reason the statement above. Chapter HI LAW ENFORCEMENT

68
Unit of measurement 1. THE HISTORY OF POLICE FORCES
Insight
The word POLICE means. by and large. the agreements made in all civilized states to guarantee that the dwellers maintain the peace and obey the jurisprudence. The word besides denotes the force of peace officers ( or constabularies ) employed for this intent. Which of the undermentioned actions can be performed by a POLICE OFFICER? Sort out the uneven words. Explain your pick. to safeguard

to plead guilty
to seek
to prehend
to condemn
to take into detention
Undertaking 1. Read the text and interpret the sentences given in bold type in authorship: From the History of Police Forces
Police is the bureau of a community or authorities that is responsible for keeping public order and preventing and detection offense. The basic constabulary mission — continuing order by implementing regulations of behavior or Torahs — was the same in ancient societies as it is in the modern-day sophisticated urban environments. The construct of the constabulary force as a protective and jurisprudence enforcement administration developed from the usage of military organic structures as defenders of the peace. such as the Praetorian Guard — escort of the ancient Roman emperors. The Romans achieved a high degree of jurisprudence enforcement. which remained in consequence until the diminution of the imperium and the oncoming of the Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages. patroling authorization was the duty of local Lords on their single estates. Each baronial 69

by and large appointed an official. known as a constable. to transport out the jurisprudence. The constable’s responsibilities included maintaining the peace and arresting and guarding felons. For many decennaries constables were unpaid citizens who took bends at the occupation. which became progressively onerous and unpopular. By the mid-16th century. affluent citizens frequently resorted to paying deputies to presume their bends as constables ; as this pattern became widespread. the quality of the constables declined drastically. Police forces developed throughout the centuries. taking assorted signifiers. In France during the seventeenth century King Louis XIV maintained a little cardinal constabularies administration consisting of some 40 inspectors who. with the aid of legion paid sources. . supplied the authorities with inside informations about the behavior of private persons. The male monarch could so exert the sort of justness he saw tantrum. This system continued during the reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI. After the Gallic Revolution. two separate constabularies organic structures were set up. one to manage ordinary responsibilities and the other to cover with political offenses. In 1663 the metropolis of London began paying watchers ( by and large old work forces who were unable to happen other work ) to guard the streets at dark.

Until the terminal of the eighteenth century. the watchers — every bit inefficient as they were — along with a few-constables. remained the lone signifier of patroling in the metropolis. The inability of watchers and constables to control anarchy. peculiarly in London. led to a demand for a more effectual force to cover with felons and to protect the population. After much deliberation in Parliament. the British solon Sir Robert Peel in 1829 established the London Metropolitan Police. which became the world’s foremost modern organised constabulary force. The force was guided by the construct of offense bar as a primary constabulary aim ; it besides embodied the belief that such a force should depend on the consent and cooperation of the populace. and the thought that constabulary constables were to be civil and gracious to the people. The Metropolitan Police force was good organised and disciplined and. after an initial period of public incredulity. became the theoretical account for other constabulary forces in Great Britain. Several old ages subsequently the Royal Irish Constabulary was formed. and Australia. India. and Canada shortly established similar organisations. Other states followed. impressed by the success of the program. until states throughout the universe had adopted police systems based on the British theoretical account. The development of the British constabulary system is particularly important because the form that emerged had great influence on the manner of patroling in about all industrial societies. In the U. S. . the first full-time organized constabulary sections were formed in New York City in 1845 and shortly thenceforth in Boston. non merely in response to offense but besides to command unrest. The American constabulary adopted many British methods. but at times they became involved in local political relations. The British constabulary. on the other manus. have traditionally depended on trueness to the jurisprudence. instead than to elected public functionaries. as the beginning of their authorization and independency. TASK 2. Answer the undermentioned inquiries:

1. What is the basic constabulary mission?
2. How did the constabulary force as jurisprudence enforcement organisation
arise and develop?
3. Why did the quality of the constables in England diminution? 4. How were patroling maps performed in France?
5. What was the signifier of patroling London in the seventeenth century? 6. Why was there a demand for a more effectual force to cover
with felons in England?
7. What factors brought about the constitution of the
Metropolitan Police Force?
8. What rules were the British constabulary guided by?
9. Why did the Metropolitan Police Force become the theoretical account
for other constabulary forces in Britain and abroad?
10. Why is the development of the British constabulary system
particularly important?
Undertaking 3. Find in the text above the English equivalents for the undermentioned words and looks:

1. äåáàòû â ïàðëàìåíòå
2. îáåñïå÷èâàòü ñîáëþäåíèå
ïðàâèë ïîâåäåíèÿ
3. îñíîâíàÿ çàäà÷à
ïîëèöèè ( 2 )
4. îñòàâàòüñÿ â ñèëå
5. ïëàòíûé îñâåäîìèòåëü
6. íåñòè ïîëèöåéñêóþ ñëóæáó
7. ïðåäóïðåæäåíèå
ïðåñòóïíîñòè
Undertaking 4. Find in the texts above the looks incorporating the words ‘law’ and ‘order’ . Continue the undermentioned lists. Add more looks utilizing a lexicon:

to keep public order
to implement Torahs
Unit of measurement 2. THE ORGANISATION OF POLICE FORCES
The British Police
The British constabulary officer is a well-known figure to anyone who has visited Britain or who has seen British movies. Policeme^ are to be seen in towns and metropoliss maintaining jurisprudence and order. either walking in braces down the streets ( “walking the beat” ) or driving specially marked constabulary autos. Once known as ‘panda cars’ because of their typical markers. these are now frequently jestingly referred to as ‘jam sandwiches’ because of the pink fluorescent band running horizontally around the bodywork. In the yesteryear. police officers were frequently known as ‘bobbies’ after Sir Robert Peel. the laminitis of the constabulary force. Nowadays. common monikers include ‘the cops’ . ‘the fuzz’ . ‘the pigs’ . and ‘the Old Bill’ ( peculiarly in London ) . Few people realise. nevertheless. that the constabulary in Britain are organised really otherwise from many other states. Most states. for illustration. hold a national constabulary force which is controlled by cardinal Government. Britain has no national constabulary force. although constabulary policy is governed by the cardinal Government’s Home Office. Alternatively. there is a separate constabulary force for each of 52 countries into which the state is divided. Each has a constabulary authorization — a commission of local county council members and magistrates. The forces co-operate with each other. but it is unusual for members of one force to run in another’s country unless they are asked to give aid. This sometimes happens when there has been a really serious offense. A Chief Constable ( the most senior constabularies officer of a force ) may sometimes inquire for the aid of London’s constabularies force. based at New Scotland Yard — known merely as ‘the Yard’ . In most states the constabulary carry guns. In Britain. nevertheless. this is highly unusual. Policemans do non. as a regulation. carry pieces in their daily work. though certain specialist units are trained to make so and can be called upon to assist the regular constabulary force in state of affairss where pieces are involved. e. g. terrorist incidents. armed robberies etc. The lone police officers who routinely carry arms are those assigned to guard politicians and diplomats. or particular officers who patrol airdromes. In certain fortunes specially trained constabularies officers can be armed. but merely with the signed permission of a magistrate. All members of the constabulary must hold gained a certain degree of academic makings at school and undergone a period of intensive preparation.

Like in the ground forces. there are a figure of ranks: after the Chief Constable comes the Assistant Chief Constable. Chief Superintendent. Chief Inspector. Inspector. Sergeant and Constable. Womans make up approximately 10 per cent of the constabulary force. The constabulary are helped by a figure of Particular Constables — members of the populace who work for the constabulary voluntarily for a few hours a hebdomad. Each constabulary force has its ain Criminal Investigation Department ( CID ) . Members of CIDs are investigators. and they do non have on uniforms. ( The other uniformed people you see in British towns are traffic wardens. Their occupation is to do certain that drivers obey the parking ordinances. They have no other powers — it is the constabulary who are responsible for commanding offenses like rushing. careless drive and drunken driving. ) The responsibilities of the constabulary are varied. runing from helping at accidents to safeguarding public order and covering with lost belongings. One of their chief maps is. of class. groking felons and manque felons. Undertaking 1. Answer the undermentioned inquiries: & gt ;

1. Who was the laminitis of the British constabulary?
2. What does “walking the beat” mean?
3. Why are British constabulary autos called ‘jamsandwich’ autos in
conversational address?
4. Is there a individual constabulary force. organised by cardinal
authorities?
5. What is the major difference in constabulary administration between Britain and some other states?
6. When do British constabulary forces co-operate with each other? 7. What is the name of London’s constabularies central offices?
8. In what state of affairss can policemen transport weaponries?
9. What are the ranks of police officers?

10. What is the occupation of CID officers?
11. What are the responsibilities of traffic wardens?
Undertaking 2. Read the text and fill in the spreads with the appropriate words and looks from the old text: In Britain different countries have different
case. the Metropolitan constabularies operate in London. but there are different constabularies forces in the counties outside London. The top adult male in each constabulary force is. He is appointed by the local Watch Committee which is a of the local authorities. The Watch Committee can disregard him. excessively. if the cardinal authorities agrees. The Chief Constable appoints all thebelow him in his force.
Thingss are somewhat different in London. The top adult male is known as the Metropolitan Police Commissioner and his assignment is arranged through the cardinal authorities. British constabularies are usually non. In particular instances. when their work becomes unsafe. they can be given nevertheless.
As is good known. theof the British police officer is bluish. with a tall helmet. These yearss. though. you can see a different uniform in the streets. This is the unvarying with the xanthous hatband worn by. Their occupation is merely to command traffic and.
The most celebrated name connected with the British constabulary is It is the central office of the London constabularies force. Besides covering with local constabulary affairs. the London constabulary besides help all over England and Wales with hard offenses. They do this at the petition of the local constabulary. TASK 3. Render the undermentioned text into English utilizing the information and vocabulary from the texts above:  Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè ñóùåñòâóåò 52 ïîëèöåéñêèõ ïîäðàçäå­ëåíèÿ : 43 â Àíãëèè è Óýëüñå . 8 â Øîòëàíäèè è 1 â Ñåâåðíîé Èðëàíäèè . Ñòîëè÷íàÿ ïîëèöèÿ è Ïîëèöèÿ ëîíäîíñêîãî Ñèòè îòâå÷àþò çà îõðàíó îáùåñòâåííîãî ïîðÿäêà â Ëîíäîíå . Êðîìå òîãî . ñïåöèàëüíîå ïîäðàçäåëåíèå òðàíñïîðòíîé ïîëèöèè ïàò­ðóëèðóåò æåëåçíîäîðîæíóþ ñåòü . à òàêæå ìåòðî Ëîíäîíà . Ïîëèöåéñêàÿ ñëóæáà ôèíàíñèðóåòñÿ öåíòðàëüíûì ïðàâè­òåëüñòâîì è ìåñòíûìè âëàñòÿìè . Êàæäîå ïîëèöåéñêîå ïîäðàç­äåëåíèå èìååò ñâîèõ ñïåöèàëüíûõ êîíñòåáëåé-äîáðîâîëüöåâ . êîòîðûå ðàáîòàþò â ïîëèöèè â ñâîáîäíîå âðåìÿ è ïîìîãàþò êàäðîâûì îôèöåðàì ïîëèöèè . ïðè÷åì èõ ðàáîòà íå îïëà÷èâà­åòñÿ . Îíè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñâîåîáðàçíûì ñâÿçóþùèì çâåíîì ìåæäó ïîëèöèåé è íàñåëåíèåì . Ïîëèöåéñêèå ïîäðàçäåëåíèÿ Àíãëèè è Óýëüñà ïîäâåäîìñò­âåííû îðãàíàì ìåñòíîé ïîëèöèè . Ñòîëè÷íàÿ ïîëèöèÿ íàõîäèòñÿ â ïîä÷èíåíèè ó Ìèíèñòðà âíóòðåííèõ äåë . Ïîäðàçäåëåíèÿ â îáëàñòÿõ âîçãëàâëÿþò ãëàâíûå êîíñòåáëè . Îíè íåñóò îòâåò­ñòâåííîñòü çà ñâîþ ðàáîòó ïåðåä öåíòðàëüíûìè ïîëèöåéñêèìè îðãàíàìè . êîòîðûå íàçíà÷àþò íà÷àëüíèêà ïîëèöèè è åãî ïî­ìîùíèêà . Êîìèññàð Ñòîëè÷íîé ïîëèöèè è åãî íåïîñðåäñòâåí­íûå ïîä÷èíåííûå íàçíà÷àþòñÿ ïî ðåêîìåíäàöèè ìèíèñòðà âíóòðåííèõ äåë . TASK 4. Complete the undermentioned text with the words and phrases from the box: walky-talky. field apparels. investigator. uniform. police officer. constabulary force. rank. articulation Alan is now old plenty and tall plenty to the At first. of class. he’ll be an ordinary of the lowest. He’ll wear aand go out in the streets maintaining in touch with the constabulary station with his

• Then he’d like to be own look intoing serious offenses.
Undertaking 5. Look at the image and read the constabulary bulletin: Crime: Armed Robbery Location: South & A ; South Park Streets
Date: November 13. 1999
The public’s aid is requested in placing the individual or individuals responsible for an armed robbery on the southwest corner of the South St. and South Park St. intersection. This offense occurred at 9:30 a. m. on November 13. 1999.

At approximately 9:30 a. m. the victim. a immature visitant to the metropolis. was walking south along South Park St. At the southwest corner of South Park St. and South St. . the fishy blue jacket. green denims and white gym shoes. This adult male is armed and hence unsafe. If you can place the adult male in the photofit image. or have any information on this or any offense. reach the local Police Department or Crime Show-stoppers at 1-800-555-8477. and you may be eligible for a hard currency wages. TASK 6. Find in the text above the English equivalents for the undermentioned words and looks:

ïîäîçðåâàåìûé
æåðòâà
âîîðóæåííîå îãðàáëåíèå
ôîòîðîáîò
Undertaking 7. Find in the text the description of the condemnable and compose an opposite one: e. g. “The suspect is described as black. really tall…” Use some of the looks given below: FACE — long. unit of ammunition. ellipse. thin. plump. fleshy. puffy. wrinkled. pasty. pimpled. pock-marked. smooth-shaven FEATURES — clean-cut. delicate. forceful. regular / guerrilla. big. little. austere

COMPLEXION — carnival. picket. dark. sickly HAIR — curly. wavy. heterosexual. fadeout ( pantie ) . rumpled. shoulder-length. medium-length. short-cut. crew-cut.
bobbed. dyed. bald. just /dark-haired FOREHEAD — high. low. narrow. square.
wide EYES — hollowed. pouching. close-set. deep-set. sunken. wide- apart. crossed-eyed
EYEBROWS — thin. midst. bushy. arched. pencilled. bushy EARS — little. large. jug-eared NOSE — pro