Cardiac Phsiology Essay Research Paper The study

Cardiac Phsiology Essay, Research Paper

The survey of cardio physiology was broken up into five distinguishable parts all focus oning on the cardiovascular system. The first lab was use of the EKG ( ECG ) . This studied the electrical activities of the bosom by puting electrodes on different parts of the tegument. This consequences in a graph on graduated paper of these activities. These graphs are utile in the diagnosing of bosom disease and bosom abnormalcies. Alongside natural bosom abnormalcies are those induced by chemical substances. The EKG is utile in demoing how these chemicals adjust the electrical urges that it induces.

The 2nd portion of this lab was a computing machine simulation plan to exemplify a toad & # 8217 ; s electrocardiogram utilizing assorted drugs in an stray scene. The computing machine plan entitled & # 8220 ; Effectss of Drugs on the Frog Heart & # 8221 ; allowed experimental conditions to be set for specific drugs. The different drugs used were calcium, digitalin, pilocarpine, atropine, K, adrenaline, caffeine, and nicotine. Each of these drugs caused a different EKG and beats per minute reading. The calcium-magnesium ration affects & # 8220 ; the permeableness of the cell membrane & # 8221 ; ( Fox ) . When Ca is placed straight on the bosom it consequences in three physiological maps. The force of the bosom increases while the cardiac rate lessenings. It besides causes the visual aspect of & # 8220 ; ectopic pacesetters in the ventricles, bring forthing unnatural beat & # 8221 ; ( Fox ) . Digitalis & # 8217 ; impact on the bosom is really similar to that of Ca. It inhibits the sodium-potassium pump activated by ATP that promotes the consumption of extracellular Ca by the bosom. This in return strengthens myocardial contraction ( Springhouse ) . Pilocarpine on the other manus

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Acts of the Apostless to diminish the bosom rate. It achieves this by helping in the release of acetylcholine from the pneumogastric nervus. Atropine on the other manus block acetylcholine receptors therefore diminishing cardiac rate. By puting K straight on the bosom, its extracellular concentration additions therefore diminishing the resting possible. This brings the resting possible closer to threshold and weakens myocardial contractions. Epinephrine & # 8217 ; s action increases the strength of contraction and of the cardiac rate. Caffeine is a stimulation that besides increases the strength of contraction and of the cardiac rate. It inhibits phosphodiesterase that breaks down cyclic AMP therefore doing an addition in camp degrees. Nicotine actively binds to the nicotinic receptors doing stimulation of the parasympathetic ganglia. This in returns slows the bosom rate.

By listening to chest one can hear the existent mechanical contraction of the bosom. Upon the closing of the valves a lub can be heard and the semilunar valves shut a dub is heard. Using this technique, diagnosing of a bosom mutter can be made. The comparative gap of the hiatuss ovale can do this status. Adding a device known as a sphygmomanometer and hearing to the brachial arteria is how blood force per unit area is taken. Blood force per unit area is extremely dependent on cardiac end product and peripheral opposition. Cardiac end product is the sum of blood pumped by the bosom per minute. The opposition the blood receives fluxing through the arteriolas is peripheral opposition. As a consequence of this, blood force per unit area can be controlled by dilation and bottleneck of arteriolas.

Upon mensurating blood force per unit area, on should be able to hear five stages of sound.

These stages are: 1. A loud clear tapping.

2. A sequence of mutters.

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3. A loud clump following the mutters.

4. The sound becomes muffled.

5. Silence.

In finding how fit we are a figure of trial can be used. This can include but

is non limited to the ECG, blood force per unit area, and/or pulsation rate. By taking the pulsation under assorted conditions the maximal cardiac rate can be estimated. Trend wise, a non-athlete will make their maximal cardiac end product at a lower work load than an jock. Although non wholly accurate, this can be a really good index of fittingness.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Electrocardiogram

In order to transport out the electrocardiogram experiment a figure of stuffs needed to be obtained. Three disposable electrodes along with the electrode gel were needed. The BIOPAC plan, Mac Computer, and the SS 2L lead ( black, ruddy, white ) were used to roll up informations on the topic. The electrodes were connected to the organic structure ( skin ) . The black lead was placed on the anterior right leg merely above the ankle articulation. The same was done with the ruddy lead expect arrangement was on the left leg. The white lead was placed on the right carpus merely above the thenar. After right arrangement of these electrodes, the SS 2L lead was connected to the CH 2 port. Lesson 3 was opened and the apparatus icon was clicked. After the apparatus as completed, record was clicked and the ECG recorded for 30 seconds. This was done while the topic was sitting relaxed. Using the I-beam tool, peak-to-peak measurings were taken. This value was the inter-beat interval. With that figure, beat per minute was found ( BPM = 60 / IBI ) .

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The 2nd stage of the experiment was to link the pulse transducer to the index finger or the right manus. The SS 2L lead was disconnected from CH 2 and placed in the CH 1 port. The SS 4L lead was so connected to the CH 2 port. Lesson 6 was opened on BIOPAC and apparatus was clicked. Again, after that was completed, record was clicked and it recorded for 30 seconds. The country between the extremum of the R moving ridge and the extremum in the pulsation group was highlighted utilizing the I-beam tool. This figure was used to cipher pess per second that the pulse wave form took to go organize your bosom to build up. This value was so used to cipher stat mis per hr.

Heart Sounds and Blood Pressure

A stethoscope, sphygmomanometer, intoxicant swabs, and a topic were foremost obtained. The earphones on the stethoscope were foremost cleaned with the intoxicant swabs. The stop was so placed on the bicuspid country to hear the bosom sounds. Besides, the stop was placed on the aortal and pneumonic countries. During these three auscultations, the bosom sounds were compared during quiet external respiration, slow and deep inspiration, and slow halitus. The consequences were recorded.

Focus was so switched to blood force per unit area. The capable Saturday on a chair with their left arm resting on a tabular array. The blood force per unit area turnup was wrapped merely above the cubitus. The stop of the range was so placed at the site on the cuital pit where the arterial pulsation was felt. The valve was screwed shut and the pump force per unit area was pumped until no sounds were heard. The prison guard was somewhat loosened leting the air to slowly come out. The first sound ( systole ) was recorded and when the sound disappeared

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( diastole ) . This was done during three different times. Once while the topic was in four places: standing, lean backing, sitting down, and after five proceedingss of stillness. These values were recorded. The pulse force per unit area was calculated ( systolic & # 8211 ; diastolic ) . Using this value, the average arterial force per unit area was calculat

erectile dysfunction ( diastolic + 1/3 pulse force per unit area ) . The values were recorded.

Lodging with the subject of blood force per unit area persons pulsations were taken. One excess piece of stuff was needed which was an 18 & # 8221 ; high chair. The topic laid level and so counted their pulsation for 30 seconds. This figure was multiplied by two and recorded. Immediately standing up, the topic took their pulsation in the same mode. The difference of the two was noted. Next the topics stood up on an 18 & # 8221 ; high chair and lowered themselves five times. Upon finishing their pulsation was taken for 15 seconds and multiplied by four. This value was recorded. Successively, the pulsation was taken for 30, 60, 90, and 120-second increases. These were besides recorded. The normal pulse rate was so subtracted from the exercising pulsation rate and recorded. The difference from lean backing systolic and lifting systolic was calculated and recorded. Each of the consequences received a numerical value from the chart matching to in the lab manual.

Effectss of Drugs on the Frog Heart

The stuffs for the computing machine simulated experiment was an IBM personal computing machine that had the Virtual Physiology Lab CD installed onto the difficult thrust. For this experiment the toad was virtually prepared. A investigation was inserted into the hiatuss magnum into the skull and so into the spinal cord. The tegument of the toad was cut down

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the mid-thorax country. The organic structure pit was so exposed by farther cutting through which exposed the breastbone. Skining this dorsum exposed the toad & # 8217 ; s bosom. The frogs bosom was so connected to a practical physiograph to enter its contractions. The toad & # 8217 ; s normal bosom contractions were recorded. The bosom was so rinsed exhaustively with Ringer & # 8217 ; s solution. Each drug was placed on the bosom in the undermentioned concentrations: 2.0 % Ca chloride, 2.0 % digitalin, 2.5 % pilocarpine, 5.0 % atropine, 2.0 % K chloride, an epinephrine solution, an caffeine solution, and 0.2 % nicotine. Between each drug, the bosom was washed exhaustively with Ringer & # 8217 ; s solution before the following drug was applied. The consequences were recorded.

Consequence

Figure 1 shows the normal EKG moving ridge for a human. It consists of the P, QRS, and T wave. Figure 2 illustrates the EKG of the toad & # 8217 ; s bosom under assorted drug conditions. Table I is the simple beats per minute of a topic along with how fast it travels. These values are 88.8 BPM and 4.4 ft/sec ( 3.03 mi/hr ) severally. Table II represents blood force per unit area. It is shown that no tendency exists throughout the assorted conditions. Table III exhibits a tendency in the fact that upon exerting, pulse rate increased. Besides, going from a seated to standing places increased pulse rate. As seen in Table IV, assorted drugs exhibit assorted responses on the bosom as compared to its normal province.

Discussion

In this wide based survey, cardiac physiology was affected by assorted elements. Altered stated were compared to & # 8220 ; normal & # 8221 ; provinces and frailty versa. In the ECG reading, a P,

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QRS, and T wave were visibly present. The P moving ridge was caused by the contraction and depolarisation of the atria. When the ventricles depolarized and contracted, this produced the QRS moving ridge. The concluding moving ridge exhibited was the T moving ridge. This was the consequence of the relaxation of ventricles and besides of their repolarization.

Even though the toad & # 8217 ; s ECG is different from the worlds, drugs ( for the most portion ) exhibit similar effects. Calcium and digitalin slowed the bosom rate well. This was due to the increased consumption of Ca these two drugs provided. The Ca ions did this by diminishing the overall cardiac rate. Digitalis inhibited the Na/K pump that in bend increased the consumption of Ca. This besides caused an outflow of K. Concurrently, when K is added to the bosom extracellularly its concentration is greatly increased thereby decelerating the bosom rate. As a consequence of Ca and digitalin exhibiting the same consequence, their ECG & # 8217 ; s are really similar. Without proper measurement devices, one could easy misidentify one for the other. Although K does decelerate the bosom like Ca and digitalin, its ECG is clearly different. It produces no seeable moving ridges except for two hump-like moving ridges. Pilocarpine and atropine caused a complete opposite consequence compared to each other. They did this by the different use of acetylcholine ( Ach ) . Pilocarpine facilitates the release of ACh while atropine blocks ACh & # 8217 ; s receptors. This explains why atropine additions bosom rate and pilocarpine decrease bosom rate. Their Electrocardiogram illustrates this in relation to their QRS moving ridge. Pilocarpine & # 8217 ; s QRS wave is broader than that of atropine & # 8217 ; s. Caffeine and epinephrine both increase bosom rate. Caffeine cause the concentration of camp to increase & # 8220 ; which duplicates the action of the endocrine adrenaline & # 8221 ; ( Mitchell ) . The ground being that camp is utilized as a 2nd courier.

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These two drugs because of their terrible similarity exhibit comparable ECG readings. Again, no noticeable difference is observed. Nicotine slows the bosom rate down. The most likely is caused by nicotine binding to nicotinic receptors. This activates the parasympathetic nerve cell that causes a deceleration of the bosom rate. It ECG is most comparable to that of Ca and digitalins due to the consequence of decelerating bosom rate.

Another manner of analyzing the bosom is through careful auscultating. In this peculiar lab, the bosom sounds were listened to. No difference was noted during the different external respiration forms. This could really good be the cause of an untrained ear and of low quality stethoscopes. These two are both necessary in order to right execute the experiment.

Table II shows that there was non much of a fluctuation in blood force per unit area under the assorted conditions. This could hold been caused by a deficiency of clip given for each status. Inadequate clip does non let the organic structure to set to the given conditions therefore skewing the consequences. There is nevertheless, a little lessening in the blood force per unit area after five proceedingss of stillness. This was due to a lessening in activity that lowered the blood force per unit area. Pulse force per unit area remained changeless throughout each status. As hardening of the arterias sets in, this would be expected to increase.

Last, pulse per minute exhibits a tendency that is rather common. Reclining ( relaxed ) shows a pulsation of 80. As the topic stands, blood hastes down to the pess. This causes the pulsation to maintain up in order to equally administer the blood. My consequences concur with that phenomenon. Besides, in order to supply equal O supply and C dioxide remotion, the pulsation rate has to increase with exercising. Again, my informations concurs

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with this. By adding up all the points attained it is shown to be good. Therefore, harmonizing to the lab manual, the topic is in good form.

Bibliography

The Parkinson & # 8217 ; s Institute. 29 Feb. 2000

Lieberman, Dr. National Parkinson Foundation, Inc. Copyright 1996-2000. 31 Mar. 2000

Brady, John. Parkinson & # 8217 ; s Information. 1998. 13 Feb. 2000

Tuen, Charles M.D. Neuroland. 22 July 1998. 1 Apr. 2000