Types of translation
4. TYPES OF TRANSLATION
ASPECTS ASPECTS
a ) historical facets:unwritten
V
.written
V.mechanical
– significance / historical function of TR – part to & amp ; impact on:
– development an growing of human civilization ( trade, sermonizers, military exchanges, diplomatic personal businesss, transportation of artifacts ) – development an growing of human civilization ( trade, sermonizers, military exchanges, diplomatic personal businesss, transportation of artifacts )
– civilization – civilization
– person languages – single linguistic communications
B ) Type: literary
V.
non-literary
degree Celsius ) METHODS of ORALTR: coincident
vs. consecutive
vitamin D ) Form: unwritten
( ever non-literary ) vs. written
vitamin E ) medium in which TR is performed:
mechanical
& A ; computer-aided
V.
homo
The function of the Translator The function of the Translator
– TLR as a lingual individual ( cognition, spatio-temporal limitations )
– Sender, TLR, Receiver as lingual individuals in the communicative act
– TLR as a lingual individual in the communicative act:
– alteration every bit much as necessary
– BUT & # 8211 ;
– every bit small as possible
MECHANICAL / MACHINE TR ( MT ) MECHANICAL / MACHINE TR ( MT )
– ever written and non-literary
– 50 ‘s & A ; 60 ‘s & # 8211 ; cold war ( US/Russia )
– Premise:
– computing machine – programmed to decrypt ( SL ) & A ; encode ( TL ) ! ! ! ?
– equality between SL and TL ( one-to-one correspondence )
– 1980-ies: initial success and promises ( big investings – undertakings )
– homo TLR – more efficient
Machine interlingual rendition Machine interlingual rendition
( MT ) & # 8211 ; Wikip. ( MT ) – Wikip.
– a process whereby a computing machine plan analyses a beginning text
and produces a mark text without farther human intercession.
– nevertheless, machine interlingual rendition typically does
affect human intercession, in the signifier ofpre-editing
andpost-editing
– an exclusion to that regulation:
– e.g. , the interlingual rendition of proficient specifications ( strings of proficient footings
and adjectives ) , utilizing a dictionary-based machine-translation
system.
MT MT
– In respect to texts ( e.g. , weather studies
) with limited scopes of vocabulary
and simple sentence
construction
, machine interlingual rendition can present consequences that do non necessitate much human intercession to be utile.
– Besides, the usage of a controlled linguistic communication
, combined with a machine-translation tool, will typically bring forth mostly comprehendible interlingual renditions ( AirSpeak
)
MT MT
– Relying on machine interlingual rendition entirely ignores the fact that
– communicating in human linguistic communication
is context
-embedded and that
– it takes a individual to grok the context of the original text with a sensible grade of chance.
– even strictly human-generated interlingual renditions are prone to error.
– such interlingual renditions must be reviewed and edited by a human
MT MT
– To day of the month, machine interlingual rendition & # 8212 ; a major end of natural-language processing
& # 8212 ; has met with limited success. [ 16 ]
– Machine interlingual rendition has been brought to a big public by tools available on the Internet, such as AltaVista
‘s Babel Fish
, Babylon
, and StarDict
, Systran
, Trados
. These tools produce a “ gisting interlingual rendition ” & # 8212 ; a unsmooth interlingual rendition that “ gives the effect ” of the beginning text.
– With proper nomenclature work
, with readying of the beginning text for machine interlingual rendition ( pre-editing ) , and with re-working of the machine interlingual rendition by a professional homo transcriber ( post-editing ) , commercial machine-translation tools can bring forth utile consequences, particularly if the machine-translation system is integrated with a translation-memory
or globalization-management system
. [ 17 ]
Machine interlingual rendition ( MT )
– a sub-field of computational linguistics
that investigates the usage of computing machine package
to interpret
text or address from one natural linguistic communication
to another.
– At its basic degree, MT performs simple permutation
of words in one natural linguistic communication for words in another.
– Exploitation principal
techniques, more complex interlingual renditions may be attempted, leting for better handling of differences in lingual typology
, phrase acknowledgment
, and interlingual rendition of parlances
, every bit good as the isolation of anomalousnesss.
– Current machine interlingual rendition package frequently allows for customisationby sphere
( filters: field, capable affair )
MT MT
– Current machine interlingual rendition package frequently allows for customisation by profession
( such as conditions studies
) & # 8212 ; bettering end product by restricting the range of allowable permutations.
– peculiarly effectual in spheres where formal or formulaic linguistic communication is used
– i.e. machine interlingual rendition ofauthorities and legal paperss
more readily produces useable end product thanconversation
or less standardized text
MT – HAMT MT – HAMT
– Improved end product quality can besides be achieved by human intercession:
– E.g. some systems are able to interpret more accurately if the user has unequivocally identified
which words in the text are names
.
– With the aid of these techniques, MT has proven utile as a tool to help human transcribers, and in some instances can even bring forth end product that can be used “ as is ” .
– However, current systems areunable
to bring forth end product of the same quality as a human transcriber, peculiarly where the text to be translated uses insouciant linguistic communication
Failure of MT ( ? ) Failure of MT ( ? )
– computing machines are non human existences – THE NATURE OF TR. ( AND HUMAN LANGUAGE ) IS NOT AN ALGORITHMIC Procedure: , esp. :
– 1. lexical ambiguity
– on the lexical degree
– 2. intensions, pragmatics
etc. ( sije & # 269 ; anj – januar
)
– 3. unable to account for alterations in word order
( sentence structure )
– 90 ‘s – in malice of taggers and parsers & A ; semantic programs/ MT ( transcribers ) ( whole blocks of linguistic communication – now algorithmically available for TR
– UNABLE translate literary texts ( esp. poesy )
USAGE / ADVANTAGE of MT today: Use / ADVANTAGE of MT today:
– pre-translation process ( computer-aided TR )
– altogether stuff for human polish
– even: voice acknowledgment – automated transcripts of human address
– restricted texts: institutional, legal, specific proficient ( operational / care ) instructions ; scientific abstracts, etc.
– TR tools ( lexicons, glossaries, lexical & A ; textual databases, wordnet, World Wide Web )
– principal linguistics etc. : COBUILD, BNC, Brown, LOB, etc.
Significance of MT SIGNIFICANCE of MT
– though practically still unserviceable ( except in restricted linguistic communications ) –
– Meitnerium of import for the theory of TR: probe of basic relationships in the procedure of TR
– algorithmic cogency of MT – clear lingual descriptions
– probe of cognitive procedures and the procedure of human TR ( encephalon )
– computing machines utile in assisting worlds ( velocity ) in the interlingual rendition activity instead than in interlingual rendition itself
HUMAN TR HUMAN TR
– really common and ever-present human activity
– involvement in the nature of the procedure of TR
– what happens in the transcriber ‘s encephalon ( Think-aloud protocols, Translog
)
– appraisal of the merchandise of TR, unfavorable judgment
– homo encephalon – unaccessible for probe ( psycholinguistics ) – merely consequences are accessible and available for research – indirect decisions
– for instruction intents
Types of Translation Types of Translation
Types of Translation Types of Translation
Audiovisual Translation ( AVT ) Audiovisual Translation ( AVT )
– an exciting new field in interlingual rendition – a turning professional demand
–nicknaming
andvoice-over
–surtitling
andsubtitling
– hypertext transfer protocol: //ics.leeds.ac.uk/papers/llp/exhibits/16/IntroAVTranslation_Adriana_Serban.ppt # 257,2, Talk map
AVT AVT
– Audiovisual interlingual rendition ( AVT ) – subtitling and dubbing:
– 1 of the commonest signifiers of interlingual rendition encountered in mundane life in modern-day societies
– of the 8,108 hours of programming broadcast by the Finnish broadcast medium company YLE in 1996,48 %
consisted of foreign-language programmes ( including re-runs ) ( Kontula, Larma and Pet & # 228 ; inen 1997:52-53 ) .
AVT AVT
– The visibleness of AVT is likely one ground why AVT besides lends itself to easy and on occasion crisp unfavorable judgment among viewing audiences
– “ captions offer the stalking-horse for a lingual game of ‘spot the mistake ‘ ” for those viewing audiences who have a bid of both
( Shochat and Stam 1985:46 )
– Internet sites devoted to naming subtitling faux pas, vitamin E, g, Turun Sanomat
5.7.1998
– It is interesting that in a sense AVT has been a channel for venting thoughts on lingual purism for rather a long piece
– E.g. : an angry spectator had written to the editor kicking about the quality of a subtitling in a movie. ( Paunonen 1996:549 ) :
– he demanded that distributers should take action to better the quality of interlingual renditions, or else censoring should step in.
– hypertext transfer protocol: //ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/hum/engla/pg/jaskanen/ch2.html
Types of Translation Types of Translation
Language Languageconstruing
or orreading
– the rational activity of easing unwritten and gestural communicating, either at the same time or consecutively, between two, or among three or more, talkers who neither speak nor subscribe the same beginning linguistic communication
.
– Functionally, construing
and reading
are the descriptive words for the activity ;
Interpreting Interpreting
– Functionally, an translator
orally translates a beginning linguistic communication to a mark linguistic communication ; similarly in mark linguistic communication
– The translator ‘s map is conveying every semantic component ( tone and registry ) and every purpose and feeling of the message that the source-language talker is directing to the target-language hearers
Types of Translation Types of Translation
Types of Translation Types of Translation
Computer-assisted interlingual rendition
– Computer-assisted interlingual rendition
( CAT ) , besides called computer-aided
interlingual rendition or machine-aided human interlingual rendition ( MAHT ) , is a signifier of interlingual rendition wherein a human transcriber creates a mark text with the aid of a computing machine plan. Themachine
supports a humantranscriber
.
– Computer-assisted interlingual rendition can include standard dictionary
and grammar package. The term, nevertheless, usually refers to a scope of specialised plans available to the transcriber, including translation-memory
, terminology-management
, harmony
, and alignment plans.
Types of CAT – General Types of CAT – General
– Computers are used in many facets of modern interlingual rendition ( peculiarly of proficient texts ) .
– Note: a section is a consistent piece of text larger than a term, normally a sentence.
Types of Translation and Interpretation
– General interlingual rendition & A ; reading
– Specialized interlingual rendition & A ; reading
Types of Translation Types of Translation
General translation/interpretation General translation/interpretation
– the interlingual rendition or reading of non-specific linguistic communication that does non necessitate any specialised vocabulary or cognition
– However, the best transcribers and translators read extensively in order to be up-to-date with current events and tendencies so that they are able to make their work to the best of their ability, holding cognition of what they might be asked to change over
– good transcribers and translators make an attempt to read about whatever subject they are presently working on
Specialized interlingual rendition or reading Specialized interlingual rendition or reading
– refers to spheres which require at the really least that the individual be highly good read in the sphere.
– preparation in the field ( such as a college grade in the topic, or a specialised class in that type of interlingual rendition or reading )
– common types of specialised interlingual rendition:
– fiscal interlingual rendition and reading
– legal interlingual rendition and reading
– literary interlingual rendition
– medical interlingual rendition and reading
– scientific interlingual rendition and reading
– proficient interlingual rendition and reading
Translating for legal equality
– For legal and official intents, evidentiary paperss
and other official certification are normally required in the official linguistic communication ( s ) of that legal power. In some states, it is a demand for interlingual renditions of such paperss that a transcriber swear an curse to certify that it is the legal equivalent of the beginning text. Often, merely transcribers of a particular category are authorized to curse such curses. In some instances, the interlingual rendition is merely accepted as a legal equivalent if it is accompanied by the original or a pledged or certified transcript of it
– The process for interpreting to legal equality differs from state to state
– South Africa
the transcriber must be authorized by the High Court
, and ( s ) he must utilize an original ( or a pledged transcript of an original ) in his physical presence as his beginning text ; the transcriber may merely curse by his ain interlingual rendition ; there is no demand
for an extra informant ( such as a notary ) to certify to the genuineness of the interlingual rendition.
–Hrvatska
: registered by the tribunal ; formal makings and test
– In the instance of Mexico
, some local cases, such as the High Superior Court of Justice, set up that a written and unwritten scrutiny
should be taken for a transcriber to be recognized as an expert or “ sworn ” / & # 8220 ; certified & # 8221 ; transcriber ( this sort of transcriber does non curse before the tribunal to be authorized ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tsjdf.gob.mx/iej/peritos.html
)
– Even if a transcriber specializes in legal interlingual rendition or if ( s ) he is a attorney in his state, this does non needfully do him a sworn transcriber
Types of CAT Types of CAT
1. Infrastructure. 1. Infrastructure.
– The substructure for a interlingual rendition environment is non needfully translation-specific, but the importanceof substructure becomes even more of import in multilingual state of affairss.
– Elementss of the infrastucture demand to be as integratedas possible, both among themselves and with the existent interlingual rendition procedure.
– The elements of the substructure are:
– Document creation/management system
– Terminology database
– Telecommunication ( intranet/Internet, e-mail, ftp, web browse, etc. )
2. Term-level before interlingual rendition: 2. Term-level before interlingual rendition:
– Term campaigner extraction and nomenclature research. Term campaigner extractionand nomenclature research are used to find what words might be campaigners for inclusion in a term base.
– After a sourcelanguageterm is identified, by candidate extraction or some other procedure, nomenclature research is needed to happen an appropriateterm in the mark linguistic communication to denominate the construct.
– Terminology research can pull on many resources, including the
– Internet and multilingual text databases.
As an illustration, As an illustration,
– The term campaigner extractiongoes beyond what a enchantment checker can make by placing campaigners for new multi-word footings.
– if we assume that the sentences in the bitext on the following page werepart of a big text, and that thermic bed
were non already in the termbase an extraction tool should suggest it as a candidateterm,
– even if both thermic
and bed
were already in the termbase as single words.
3. Term-level during interlingual rendition: 3. Term-level during interlingual rendition:
– Automatic nomenclature search:
– could be thought of as the term degree equivalent of machine interlingual rendition. For illustration, in the bitext on the following page the
– words thermocline
and thermic bed
might be considered footings that should ever be translated systematically.
– Automatic rifle terminologylookup would expose the preferable mark linguistic communication term ( gradiente T & # 233 ; rmico
and capa T & # 233 ; rmica
in these instances )
– Withoutthe transcriber holding to look the footings up manually.
– As each section of beginning receives the focal point,
– preferable targetlanguage footings are displayed and the human transcriber can rapidly integrate them into the mark text without hazard of misspelling.
– Automatic nomenclature search supports terminological consistence for all text types.
4. Term-level after interlingual rendition: 4. Term-level after interlingual rendition:
– Terminology consistence cheque and non-allowed nomenclature cheque.
– Terminologyconsistency draughtss verify consistent usage of nomenclature after a interlingual rendition has been completed ;
– i.e. , they make certain thateach term is translated systematically, wherever it occurs.
– For illustration, if the preferable term for thermocline
is gradiente t & # 233 ; rmico
and a human transcriber, for whatever ground, returns termoclino
, a nomenclature consistence checker would observe this inconsistentuse and flag the term for human attending.
– Non-allowed nomenclature draughtss flag footings which are non allowed ( as inthe instance of deprecated footings ) and convey them to the attending of a human.
Example Example
5. Segment-level before interlingual rendition: 5. Segment-level before interlingual rendition:
– New text cleavage, old source-target text alliance, and indexing.
– The readying of an aligned, indexed
source-target bitext is critical for the right operation of interlingual rendition memory tools ifpreviously translated text is to be leveraged
( re-used ) .
– Indexed bitexts are besides utile for nomenclature research.
6. Segment-level during interlingual rendition 6. Segment-level during interlingual rendition
– Translation memory look-up and machine interlingual rendition.
– Automatic translationmemory ( thulium ) search applies chiefly to alterations of antecedently translated texts and requires an indexed bi-text to map.
– Thulium search compares new versions of texts with the thulium database and automatically callbacks those sections which havenot changed significantly, leting them to be leveraged.
– For illustration, if the 3rd sentence above were wholly rewritten
but the encompassing sentences were unchanged, tm search could treat the text and automatically topographic point retrieved translationsof the unchanged sentences in the end product file and return the changed sentence to the transcriber who could provide atranslation.
– For minor alterations of antecedently translated paperss, tm search can supply tremendous productivityincreases.
– Machine interlingual rendition takes a beginning text and algorithmically procedures
it to return a interlingual rendition in the mark linguistic communication.
– Machine interlingual rendition parses
a sentence of beginning text, placing words and relationships, selects target linguistic communication footings, arranges those words in mark linguistic communication word order and inflects them.
– meitnerium typically is used for controlled linguistic communication texts froma narrow sphere
and requires somepost-editing
where publication quality end product is required.
– meitnerium systems frequently allow users tomodify their lexicons.
– The followers is natural ( unedited ) meitnerium end product in Spanish of the English beginning given above ( in this casethermocline
was returned untranslated since it was non in the system & # 8217 ; s dictionary ) :
– & # 201 ; cubic decimeter oy & # 243 ; a los capitanes que discuten la ausencia de un thermocline
.Mancusco explic & # 243 ; que no epoch raro parity el & # 225 ; rea, particularmentedespu & # 233 ; s de las tormentas violentas.
– Ellos estaban de acuerdo que epoch infortunado.
– Una capa termalhabr & # 237 ; a ayudado su evasi & # 243 ; Ns.
7. Segment-level after interlingual rendition: 7. Segment-level after interlingual rendition:
– Missing section sensing and format and grammar cheques.
– These functionsare closely related to # 4.
– They check for losing sections, right grammar, and right keeping of data format.
– For illustration,
– if the undermentioned interlingual rendition of the English transition in the bitext were received from a transcriber, a losing section detectiontool would allow the user know that something was losing ( the 2nd sentence ) :
– Oy & # 243 ; que los capitanes comentaban la ausencia de gradiente t & # 233 ; rmico. Convinieron en que epoch mala suerte. Una capat & # 233 ; rmica hubiera facilitado la evasi & # 243 ; n. – Oyo que los capitanes comentaban la ausencia de gradiente termico. Convinieron en que epoch mala suerte. Una capatermica hubiera facilitado La evasion.
8. Translation work flow and charge management.While 8. Translation work flow and charge management.While
– Work flow direction is non straight portion of interlingual rendition, BUT it isextremely of import for tracking the advancement of interlingual rendition undertakings.
– Work flow direction tools maintain path of the locationof outsourced interlingual renditions and their due day of the months, text alterations, interlingual rendition precedences, alteration day of the months,
– Thelarger the text and the more texts in procedure, the more of import these characteristics become since the logistics of covering with allthe variables which may act upon a undertaking are compounded with size.
– Charge direction besides becomes increasinglyimportant as the size of undertakings additions.
– Ideally both parts of this map should be integrated with one another.
Literary interlingual rendition
– In multilingual
states such as Canada
, interlingual rendition of literary plants
( novels
, short narratives
, dramas
, verse forms
, etc. ) is frequently considered a literary chase in its ain right. Figures such as Sheila Fischman
, Robert Dickson
and Linda Gaboriau
are noteworthy in Canadian literature
specifically
as transcribers, and the Governor General ‘s Awards
present awards for the twelvemonth ‘s best English-to-French and French-to-English literary interlingual renditions.
– Writers such as Tadeusz Boy- & # 379 ; ele & # 324 ; ski
, Vladimir Nabokov
, Jorge Luis Borges
and Vasily Zhukovsky
, Mili & # 269 ; evi & # 263 ; , Ka & # 353 ; telan
hold besides made a name for themselves as literary transcribers.
– Poetry
is considered by many the most hard genre
to interpret, given the trouble in rendering both the signifier and
– the content in the mark linguistic communication. In his influential 1959 paper “ On Linguistic Aspects of Translation, ” the Russian
-born linguist
and semiotician
Roman Jakobson
went so far as to declare that “ poesy by definition [ was ] untranslatable. ” In 1974 the American poet James Merrill
wrote a verse form, “ Lost in Translation
, ” which in portion explores this. The inquiry was besides considered in Douglas Hofstadter
‘s 1997 book, Le Ton boyfriend de Marot
.
– Translation of Sung texts & # 8212 ; sometimes called “ vocalizing interlingual rendition ” & # 8212 ; is closely linked to interlingual rendition of poesy because most vocal music
, at least in the Western tradition, is set to versify
, particularly verse in regular forms with rime
. ( Since the late nineteenth century, musical scene of prose
and free poetry
has besides been practiced in some art music
, though popular music
tends to stay conservative in its keeping of stanzaic
signifiers with or without choruss
. ) A fundamental illustration of interpreting poesy for vocalizing is church anthem
, such as the German chorales
translated into English by Catherine Winkworth
. [ 7 ]
– Translation ofSung texts
is by and large much more restrictive than interlingual rendition of poesy, because in the former there is small or no freedom to take between a versified interlingual rendition and a interlingual rendition that dispenses with verse construction.
– One might modify or exclude rime in a vocalizing interlingual rendition, but the assignment of syllables to specific notes in the original musical scene topographic points great challenges on the transcriber.
– There is the option in prose, less so in poetry, of adding or canceling a syllable here and at that place by subdividing or uniting notes, severally, but even with prose the procedure is however about like rigorous poetry interlingual rendition because of the demand to lodge every bit closely as possible to the original inflection.
– Other considerations in composing asinging interlingual rendition
include repeat of words and phrases, the arrangement of remainders and/or punctuation, the quality of vowels sung on high notes, and rhythmic characteristics of the vocal line that may be more natural to the original linguistic communication than to the mark linguistic communication.
– While the vocalizing of translated
texts has been common for centuries, it is less necessary when a written interlingual rendition is provided in some signifier to the hearer, for case, as an insert in a concert plan or as projected rubrics in a public presentation hall or ocular medium.
The term & # 8216 ; interlingual rendition & # 8217 ;
– Etymologically
, “ interlingual rendition ” is a “ carrying across ” or “ bringing across. ”
– The Latin
“ translatio
“ derives from the perfect
passive
participial
, “ translatum
, ” of “ transferre
“ ( “ to reassign ” & # 8212 ; from “ trans
, ” “ across ” + “ ferre
, ” “ to transport ” or “ to convey ” ) .
– The modern Love affair
, Germanic
and Slavic
European linguistic communications
hold by and large formed their ain equivalent
footings for this construct after the Latin theoretical account & # 8212 ; after “ transferre
“ or after the kindred “ traducere
“ ( “ to convey across ” or “ to take across ” ) . [ 1 ]
– Additionally, the Grecian
term for “ interlingual rendition, ” “ metaphrasis
“ ( “ a speech production across ” ) , has supplied English
with “ metaphrase
“ & # 8212 ; a “ actual interlingual rendition
, ” or “ word-for-word ” interlingual rendition & # 8212 ; as contrasted with “ paraphrasis
“ ( “ a expression in other words, ” from the Grecian “ paraphrase
“ ) . [ 2 ]
& # 8216 ; War does non find who & # 8217 ; s right but who & # 8217 ; s left. & # 8221 ; ‘War does non find who’s right but who’s left.”
E & # 8211 ; H
Word transcriber 97 & # 8211 ; default
zone svojeglav Ne odrediti nesta & # 353 ; an pravo Ali nesta & # 353 ; an lijevi
intertran
Rat ne [ determine ] [ who & # 8217 ; s ] pravo ali [ who & # 8217 ; s ] lijevi
E & # 8211 ; D
Systran professional:
Krieg stellt nicht fest, wem Recht chapeau, aber wem verlassen wird
Intertran
Krieg tut nicht ausmachen [ who & # 8217 ; s ] richtig aber [ who & # 8217 ; s ] nexus
E & # 8211 ; I
Systran professional:
La guerra non determina qi & # 269 ; di destra mom qi & # 269 ; andato
Intertran
Guerra fa ‘ non determinare [ who & # 8217 ; s ] giusto solo [ who & # 8217 ; s ] sinistro
Novi list, 17. IV. 2000.- Novi list, 17. IV. 2000.-
Intertran
Intertran
