Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) Essay Sample

A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Water Hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes ) workss turn copiously here in the Philippines. They can be easy found on the organic structures of H2O like rivers and lakes. They are jobs in our community because they clog our rivers ensuing to inundation. They besides block the sunshine. killing our aquatic animate beings. Therefore. the research workers thought of detecting helpful merchandises of the said works. For the clip being. ropes are being used by other people in their occupations. Take for case in building sites – man-made ropes are in demand. But man-made ropes are non environment-friendly and when disposed are non easy decomposed. Thereafter. the research workers thought of utilizing the chaff of H2O jacinth in bring forthing an environment-friendly rope. In this manner. people will non merely appreciate the being of the H2O jacinths but will besides assist salvage the environment every bit good as do a life.

B. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
General: Will the research workers be able to bring forth a rope out of a chaff of a works?
Specific: Will the research workers be able to use the chaff of H2O jacinth in the production of an low-cost and environment-friendly rope that can be use by people every twenty-four hours? C. STATEMENT OF THE OBJECTIVE

General: The research workers will fabricate a rope made from chaff of workss. Specific: The research workers will get down the production of rope out of the chaff of H2O jacinth to be used in different facets of our mundane lives.

D. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Rope is a flexible line made of fibres or wires twisted or braided together for tensile strength. Ropes may be made of natural fibres. such as cotton. hemp. jute. flax or sisal ; of man-made fibrils. such as nylon. polyester or glass fibres ; or of metallic wire. It is used for haling heavy objects. Climbers besides use ropes to belay or procure one another – one ascent while another holds the rope to forestall any autumn or faux pas. There are more utilizations of rope. Hence. the research workers conducted a survey on how to do a rope that is more practical and executable. E. SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This survey deals merely on the production of rope out of the chaffs of H2O jacinth and it covers the belongingss of H2O hyacinth chaffs. the extraction of fibres and the procedure of doing a rope. The research workers were non able to build a simple rope machine that will assist them build a rope. However. they were still able to bring forth the merchandise which was made manually. F. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Water Hyacinth
The seven species of H2O jacinth comprise the genus Eichhornia. Water jacinth is a free-floating perennial aquatic works indigen to tropical and sub-tropical South America. With wide. midst. slick. ovate foliages. H2O jacinth may lift above the surface of the H2O every bit much as 1 metre in tallness. The foliages are 10–20 cm across. and float above the H2O surface. They have long. spongy and bulblike chaffs. The feathery. freely hanging roots are purplish-black. An vertical chaff supports a individual spike of 8-15 conspicuously attractive flowers. largely lavender to tap in coloring material with six petals. When non in bloom. H2O jacinth may be mistaken for frog’s-bit ( Limnobium spongia ) . One of the fastest turning workss known. H2O hyacinth reproduces chiefly by manner of smugglers orstolons. which finally form girl workss. It besides produces big measures of seeds. and these are feasible up to thirty old ages. The common H2O jacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes ) is vigorous agriculturists known to duplicate their population in two hebdomads. In Assamese they are known as Meteka.

In Sinhala they are known as Japan Jabara due to their usage in World War II to gull Nipponese pilots into believing lakes were Fieldss useable to set down their aircraft. taking to clangs. In Burmese they are known as Baydar. In Southern Pakistan. they are the provincial flower of Sindh. In the Philippines. they use some of the H2O hyacinth’s stems and dry it to take its fibres and take them to organize strands of threading each. These pieces of twine are woven or interlinked together to organize hemp used for doing bags. footwear. garlands. chapeaus. vases. Christmas lanterns. and more cosmetic stuffs. Because H2O lilies are fecund to the point of being a nuisance. this lets the people earn money by selling these merchandises for a life while cleaning up the overpopulated organic structures of H2O that are full of H2O jacinths.

Water jacinth has been widely introduced throughout North America. Asia. Australia and Africa. They can be found in big H2O countries such as Louisiana. or in the Kerala Backwaters in India. In many countries it. peculiarly E. crassipes. is an of import and baneful invasive species. First introduced to North America in 1884. an estimated 50 kgs per square meter of hyacinth one time choked Florida’s waterways. although the job at that place has since been mitigated. When non controlled. H2O jacinth will cover lakes and ponds wholly ; this dramatically impacts H2O flow. blocks sunlight from making native aquatic workss. and starves the H2O of O. frequently killing fish ( or polo-necks ) . The workss besides create a premier home ground for mosquitos. the authoritative vectors of disease. and a species of snail known to host a parasitic platyhelminth which causes bilharzia ( snail febrility ) . Directly blamed for hungering subsistence husbandmans in Papua New Guinea. H2O jacinth remains a major job where effectual control plans are non in topographic point. Water jacinth is frequently debatable in semisynthetic pools if uncontrolled. but can besides supply a nutrient beginning for gold fish. maintain H2O clean and aid to supply O to semisynthetic pools. Water hyacinth frequently invades organic structures of H2O that have been impacted by human activities.

For illustration. the workss can unbalance natural lifecycles in unreal reservoirs or in eutrophied lakes that receive big sums of foods. There are other utilizations being found for the abundant workss. such as for cowss nutrient and in biogas production. Recently. they have besides begun to be used in effluent intervention due to their fast growing and ability to digest high degrees of pollution. Partss of the works are besides used in the production of traditional handcrafts in Southeast Asia. In Bangladesh. husbandmans have started bring forthing fertiliser utilizing Water Hyacinth or Kochuripana as it is known there locally. As chemical and mechanical remotion is frequently excessively expensive and uneffective. research workers have turned to biological control agents to cover with H2O jacinth. The attempt began in the 1970s when USDA research workers released three species of weevil known to feed on H2O jacinth into the United States. Neochetina bruchi. N. eichhorniae. and the H2O hyacinth bore bit Sameodes albiguttalis. Although meeting with limited success. the weevils have since been released in more than 20 other states. However. the most effectual control method remains the control of inordinate foods and bar of the spread of this species.

In 2010 the insect Megamelus scutellaris was released by the Agricultural Research Service as a biological control for the invasive species Eichhornia crassipes. more normally known as waterhyacinth. ( United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service. ) May 2010 the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service released Megamelus scutellaris as a biological control insect for the invasive waterhyacinth species. Megamelus scutellaris is a smallplanthopper insect indigen to Argentina. Research workers have been analyzing the effects of the biological control agent in extended host-range surveies since 2006 and concluded that the insect is extremely host-specific and will non present a menace to any other works population other than the targeted H2O jacinth. Research workers besides hope that the biological control will be more resilient than bing biological controls to the weedkillers that are already in topographic point to battle the invasive ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Water_hyacinth )

Rope
A rope is a length of fibers. twisted or braided together to better strength for drawing and linking. It has tensile strength but is excessively flexible to supply compressive strength ( i. e. it can be used for drawing. but non forcing ) . Rope is thicker and stronger than likewise constructed cord. line. twine. and string. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rope )

History of Rope
The usage of ropes for runing. drawing. fixing. attaching. transporting. lifting. and mounting day of the months back to prehistoric times. It is likely that the earliest “ropes” were of course happening lengths of works fiber. such as vines. followed shortly by the first efforts at writhing and lacing these strands together to organize the first proper ropes in the modern sense of the word. Impressions of cordage found on discharged clay provide grounds of twine and rope-making engineering in Europe dating back 28. 000 old ages. Fossilized fragments of “probably two-ply set rope of about 7 millimeters diameter” were found in one of the caves at Lascaux. dating to about 15. 000 BC. The ancient Egyptians were likely the first civilisation to develop particular tools to do rope.

Egyptian rope dates back to 4000 to 3500 B. C. and was by and large made of H2O reed fibers. Other rope in antiquity was made from the fibers of day of the month thenars. flax. grass. papyrus. leather. or carnal hair. The usage of such ropes pulled by 1000s of workers allowed the Egyptians to travel the heavy rocks required to construct their memorials. Get downing from about 2800 B. C. . rope made of hemp fibers was in usage in China. Rope and the trade of rope doing spread throughout Asia. India. and Europe over the following several thousand old ages. In the Middle Ages ( from the 13th to the eighteenth centuries ) . from the British Isles to Italy. ropes were constructed in alleged Ropewalks. really long edifices where strands the full length of the rope were spread out and so laid up or twisted together to organize the rope. The overseas telegram length was therefore set by the length of the available rope walk. This is related to the unit of length termed overseas telegram length. This allowed for long ropes of up to 300 paces long or longer to be made. These long ropes were necessary in transporting as short ropes would necessitate splicing to do them long plenty to utilize for sheets and halliards. The strongest signifier of splice is the short splicing. which doubles the diameter of the rope at the country of the splicing. which would do jobs in running the line through blocks. Any splicings narrow plenty to keep smooth running would be unable to back up the needed weight.

Leonardo district attorney Vinci drew studies of a construct for a ropemaking machine. but merely like many other of his innovations. it was ne’er built. Nevertheless. singular efforts of building were accomplished without advanced engineering: In 1586. Domenico Fontana erected the 327 ton obelisk on Rome’s Saint Peter’s Square with a conjunct attempt of 900 work forces. 75 Equus caballuss. and infinite blocks and metres of rope. By the late eighteenth century several working machines had been built and patented. Some rope continues to be made from natural fibers such as coir and sisal. despite the laterality of man-made fibers such as nylon andpolypropylene which have become popular since the 1950s. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rope # History )

Construction of Rope
Common stuffs for rope include natural fibers such as manilla hemp. hemp. linen. cotton. coir. jute. and sisal. Ropes have been constructed of other hempen stuffs such as silk. wool. and hair. but such ropes are non by and large available. Rayon is a regenerated fiber used to do cosmetic rope ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rope # Construction )

Uses of Rope
Rope is of paramount importance in Fieldss every bit diverse as building. navigation. geographic expedition. athleticss and communications and has been since prehistoric times. In order to fix rope. a big figure of knots have been invented for infinite utilizations. Pulleies are used to airt the drawing force to another way. and may be used to make mechanical advantage. leting multiple strands of rope to portion a burden and multiply the force applied to the terminal. Winchesand capstans are machines designed to draw ropes. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rope # Use )

Fiber
Fiber ( besides spelled fiber ) is a category of stuffs that are uninterrupted fibrils or are in distinct extended pieces. similar to lengths of yarn. They are really of import in the biological science of both workss and animate beings. for keeping tissues together. Human uses for fibres are diverse. They can be spun into fibrils. twine or rope. used as a constituent of composite stuffs. or matted into sheets to do merchandises such as paper or felt. Fibers are frequently used in the industry of other stuffs. The strongest technology stuffs are by and large made as fibres. for illustration C fibre and Ultra-high-molecular-weight polythene. Man-made fibres can frequently be produced really stingily and in big sums compared to natural fibres. but for dressing natural fibres can give some benefits. such as comfort. over their semisynthetic opposite numbers. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fiber )

Man-made Fibers
Man-made fibres are the consequence of extended research by scientists to better on of course happening animate being and works fibres. In general. man-made fibres are created by coercing. normally through bulge. fiber forming stuffs through holes ( called spinnerets ) into the air. organizing a yarn. Before man-made fibres were developed. unnaturally manufactured fibres were made from cellulose. which comes from workss. These fibres are called cellulose fibres. Man-made fibres account for about half of all fiber use. with applications in every field of fibre and fabric engineering. Although many categories of fibre based on man-made polymers have been evaluated as potentially valuable commercial merchandises. four of them – nylon. polyester. acrylicand polyolefin – dominate the market. These four history for about 98 per cent by volume of man-made fibre production. with polyester entirely accounting for around 60 per cent. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Synthetic_fiber )

Dye
A dye is a coloured substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied. The dye is by and large applied in an aqueous solution. and may necessitate amordant to better the speed of the dye on the fibre. Both dyes and pigments appear to be colored because they absorb some wavelengths of visible radiation more than others. In contrast with a dye. a pigment by and large is indissoluble. and has no affinity for the substrate. Some dyes can be precipitated with an inert salt to bring forth a lake pigment. and based on the salt used they could be aluminum lake. Ca lake or Ba lake pigments. Dyed flax fibres have been found in the Republic of Georgia dated back in a prehistoric cave to 36. 000 BP. Archaeological grounds shows that. peculiarly in India and Phoenicia. dyeing has been widely carried out for over 5000 old ages. The dyes were obtained from animate being. vegetable or mineral beginning. with no or really small processing. By far the greatest beginning of dyes has been from the works land. notably roots. berries. bark. foliages and wood. but merely a few have of all time been used on a commercial graduated table. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Dye )

* METHODOLOGY –

A. Treatment
1. Gathering of Materials
The research workers gathered the stuffs such as gum. bucket or basin. trade
knife or scissors. taper. lucifers. spoons. H2O ( 6000mL ) . acetum ( 1000mL ) . colourising dye. graduated cylinder and the chaffs of the H2O jacinth. 2. Preparation of Materials

First. the foliages and the roots of H2O jacinth were cut off from the chaffs. The chaffs are so washed with running H2O. Then. the chaffs were cut into halves ( lengthwise ) and were once more washed. They were pressed and mounded to take extra H2O. After that. the fibres were extracted from the root with the usage of spoon and finger. The extracted fibre strands were cleaned or furnished by a comb. To beef up the extracted fibre strands. they were soaked overnight in 6000mL H2O and 1000mL acetum solution to extinguish the bacterium left in the fibre that may impact the olfactory property of the fibre. After soaking. they were washed in running H2O for at least 15 proceedingss and dried under the Sun for two yearss. When they have been dried up. they are ready to be procedure for the fiction of ropes.

B. GENERAL PROCEDURE
The research workers started building the rope by following the traditional manner of rope devising. First. they take three little Bunches of fibre and distorted each. They applied little sum of gum to do the distorted fibres more compact and tight. After the first clump of fibre is twisted. another clump is connected at the terminal. They twist the two Bunches together. They continue this procedure until they attained the coveted thickness of the rope. After the completion of the construction of the rope. gum was applied wholly on the construction to go stronger and better. It is so passed over the fire. The extra fibres and the loose terminals are burned off. This makes the rope smooth and polished. Finally. the finished rope was colored with dye so it may look professionally good and presentable.

* INTERPRETATION OF DATA AND RESULTS –
Production of Rope out of the Stalk of Eichhornia Crassipes
Table A
TRIAL| DIAMETER| LENGTH| NO. OF DAYS DRIED| AMOUNT OF GLUE WITH WATER APPLIED| OUTPUT| 1| 1. 50 cm| 35 cm| non dried| 15 mL| Soft and breakable rope| 2| 1. 50 cm| 75 cm| 2 days| 15 mL| Hard. house and
unbreakable rope| 3| 1. 50 cm| 35 cm| 1 day| 15 mL| Firm and unbreakable rope|

Strength Test ( A )
The research workers requested two members. weighing about 50 kgs each. to keep the rope at both terminals and draw them on opposite waies. The consequence was: First Rope = the rope broke
Second rope = the rope did non interrupt
Third rope = the rope broke
Table Bacillus
KIND OF ROPE| DIAMETER| LENGTH| AMOUNT OF WEIGHT APPLIED TO THE ROPE| OUTPUT| Water Hyacinth| 1. 50 cm| 75cm| 3 hollow blocks| Hard. house and unbreakable| Synthetic Rope| 1. 60 centimeter. | 80 cm| Can non be broken by 7 hollow blocks| Flexible and unbreakable rope| *Assuming a hollow block weighs 23 pound.

Strength Test ( B )
The research workers tied the maximal figure of hollow blocks on each sort of rope to find the extreme weight or force that each rope can defy. The consequences are shown on the tabular array above.

Acceptability
Based on the strength trial completed by the research workers. the rope that they produced manually is lasting as the other sorts of ropes that are manufactured by rope mills through the usage of rope machines. It is besides environment-friendly since it can assist decrease the usage of man-made ropes that have undergone chemical procedures. Furthermore. in position of the fact that H2O jacinth grow in copiousness here in the Philippines. it is trouble-free to bring forth the rope specially that the process is simple.

* CONCLUSION –
The research workers were able to fabricate lasso out of the chaffs of H2O jacinth workss. The rope was good built and was able to go through different strength trials that examined it strength as expected. Therefore. the research workers conclude that use of the chaff of H2O jacinth as the natural stuff in the production of environment friendly rope is executable.

* RECOMMENDATION –
The research workers were able to bring forth merely short rope. They suggest other research workers who are interested in their undertaking to look for other elements that will give the rope excess strength and they besides suggest that before carry oning the experiment. they can seek to perchance construct a simple rope machine. They besides recommend that the rope should be treated with Na metabisulphite to forestall it from decomposing. Further survey about their undertaking is necessary so that better consequences will be obtained.

* BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Internet
hypertext transfer protocol: //practicalaction. org/practicalanswers/product_info. php? products_id=189

( June 29. 2011 9:40 autopsy )

hypertext transfer protocol: //www. madehow. com/Volume-2/Rope. hypertext markup language

( June 29. 2011 9:46 autopsy )

hypertext transfer protocol: //www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/509538/rope/6244/Manufacturing-process

( June 29. 2011 9:58pm )
hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Water_hyacinth

( August 4. 2011 3:38pm )

( hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Dye )

( August 4. 2011 3:45pm )

( hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Synthetic_fiber )

( August 4. 2011 3:50pm )
( hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fiber )
( August 4. 2011 3:52pm )
( hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rope # Use ) ( August 4. 2011 3:55pm )
( hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rope # Construction ) ( August 4. 2011 3:57pm )
( hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rope # History )

( August 4. 2011 4:02pm )

B. Write Ups
A Research paper about Rope Construction
By: SSC Students
( Pampanga High School S. Y. 2006-2007 )
– APPENDIX –
Methodology in Action
2. Cuting off the chaffs
1. Gathering of stuffs

4. Washing exhaustively
3. Cuting the chaffs lengthwise

5. Extracting fibres from the root

6. Soaking nightlong in 6000mL H2O and 1000 milliliter acetum solution

8. Drying up ( under the Sun )
7. Washing for 15 proceedingss

10. Using gum in the procedure
9. Writhing the fibres together

12. Using gum wholly
11. Writhing the distorted Bunches
( Achieving the coveted thickness )

15. Finished merchandise ( colored with dye )
14. Passing over the fire
13. Drying the Bunches with gum