Crisis Of The French Revolution

& # 8211 ; Notes Essay, Research Paper

Making a new Society

14 July 1789 to 9 Thermidor II, ( 27 July 1794 ) ( snapshot Napoleonic France 1804 )

Harmonizing to Joseph Weber, foster brother of Queen Antoinette, there were three primary causes of the Gallic revolution & # 8216 ; the upset of the fundss, the province of head, and the war in America. & # 8217 ; The & # 8216 ; upset in the fundss & # 8217 ; acknowledged that the bankruptcy of the monarchy opened the doors to rebelliousness of the King & # 8217 ; s authorization. The greatest individual cause of the revolution was the economic crisis, which forced the King to remember the redundant Estates General which had non been called since 1614, which opened the argument for people to do ailments with the current system through the cahiers of the three Estates. The & # 8217 ; province of head & # 8217 ; mostly attributed to the philosophes of the Enlightenment who challenged the very foundations that the Ancien Regime was based on. Another lending factor to the crisis was a predicament of 1000000s of provincials, and the even more critical state of affairs of the landless drifters and the unemployed multitudes in the towns. Between 1715 and 1789 the population in France had increased from 18 million to 26 million. Land was a fixed resource, and 1000s could non work in rural parts. As a consequence provincials were forced into the towns. Their state of affairs was exacerbated by the bad crop of 1788, which saw rising prices of basic trade goods such as staff of life, widespread unemployment and destitution accentuated the crisis.

*** Original revolutionist goals***

Original political orientation: Enlightened

Document: Declaration of Rights of Man

The August edicts cleared the manner for the hard-on of a fundamental law, but foremost they decided to put down the rules on which it was based. It is a funny mixture of enlightenment theory and bourgeois aspirations. The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, passed into jurisprudence by the National Assembly on the 26 August 1789, It condemned the patterns of the Ancien Regime and expressed the wide understanding which was to be found in the cahiers of all three orders.

1. Work force are born free and equal in their rights

3. The cardinal beginning of all sovereignty resides in the state & # 8211 ; an application of Rousseau & # 8217 ; s rule of the & # 8216 ; general will & # 8217 ;

7. No adult male may be accused, arrested, or detained except in instances determined by the jurisprudence

13, General revenue enhancement is indispensable for the care of the public force and for the disbursals of authorities. It should be borne every bit by all the citizens in proportion to their agencies

17. the right to belongings is inviolable and sacred

The Declaration of Rights represented a entire interruption from the yesteryear. In the Ancien Regime authorization had been deriven from g-d and the male monarch.

** The Declaration chiefly appealed to bourgeois ( and aristocracy ) spread to proletariat via propaganda

( see Townson pg.43 )

POWER STRUCTURE & # 8211 ; NATIONAL CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY ( June 1789 & # 8211 ; 30 September 1792 )

– deputies based the authorship of the fundamental law on the Declaration of Rights of adult male

– deputies saw the reluctance of the King to accept the alterations that were taking topographic point

– and decided that he should hold a cliff-hanging veto

– *at this point no one considered get rid ofing the sovereign wholly and puting up a democracy

– it was decided that Legislative power reside in the National Assembly

– over the following twelvemonth went about reorganizing Gallic govt. , Torahs, fundss, and economic system

Local GOVERNMENT

– deputies wanted to do certain power was decentralised, go throughing from the cardinal govt. in Paris to local governments

– doing it more hard for King to retrieve the power he had before

– wanted the elected representatives to be responsible to those who elected them

– already the rules of the Declaration of Rights were being undermined, as citizens were divided into & # 8216 ; active & # 8217 ; and & # 8216 ; inactive & # 8217 ; citizens.

– Merely active citizens who paid the equivalent of three yearss & # 8217 ; labour in revenue enhancements, voted for the municipal functionaries, those who did non gain that sum from rewards were non allowed to vote and known as & # 8216 ; inactive & # 8217 ;

– & # 8216 ; active & # 8217 ; citizens besides voted in the Primary Assemblies when national elections were held

– the places you could use for increased in prestigiousness the more you earnt

– eg. to go a deputy in the Assembly you had to be able to pay the equivalent of 50 yearss labour in revenue enhancement

– 61 % of Frenchmen had the right to vote in some elections

– at a municipal degree most provincials had the right to vote

– b4 1789 govt functionaries ran the provincial disposal

– 1790 no govt functionaries at local degree, elected councils replaced them

– councils in the towns were more effectual & # 8211 ; as it was made up of more literate and gifted people

– in the small towns they found it difficult to make full the council with work forces who could read or compose

– therefore rural communities carried about their responsibilities severely

FINANCIAL REFORM

– new revenue enhancement system could non be set up instantly

– most unpopular revenue enhancements were abolished

– the hapless benefited

– load of revenue enhancement fell on green goodss instead than the consumers

– fairer system

– were maintaining with the Declaration of Rights & # 8211 ; as all belongings and income taxed on the same footing

ECONOMIC Reform

– deputies in the Constituent Assembly believed in Laissez-faire trade and industry free from any govt. intervention

– the people wanted the monetary value and distribution of all indispensable goods to be controlled

– *** for the first clip there was a unvarying system of weights and steps, the denary system was applied to the whole of France

Justice

– no longer different Torahs in the North and the South

– there were to be the same jurisprudence tribunals throughout France

– & # 8216 ; Lettres de cachet & # 8217 ; were made illegal by the Declaration of Rights

– tests were held before a jury of 12 citizens, who would make up one’s mind guilty or artlessness

– the thought came from English jurisprudence

– caput of judicial system was the tribunal of entreaty

– anguish and mutilation were abolished

– anyone arrested had to be brought before a tribunal within 24 hours

– figure or offenses for which decease was the punishment was reduced ( and in March 1792 the same speedy method of executing ( the closure by compartment ) was to be used for Al condemned to decease )

– ***FOR THE FIRST TIME JUSTICE WAS ACCESSIBLE, IMPARTIAL AND CHEAP AND THEREFORE POPULAR

– & # 8221 ; Gallic system of justness had been one of the most backward, brutal, and corrupt in Europe. In two old ages it became the most enlightened. & # 8221 ; Harmonizing Towson

Religion

– Component Assembly wanted to do certain the church was free from maltreatments, foreign control, democratic and linked to the new system of local authorities

– Unpopular edict in Dec. 1789 which gave civil rights to Protestants, and subsequently extended to Jews in September 1791

– August & # 8211 ; the Assembly abolished the tithe, and besides ended old corporate privileges of the Church & # 8211 ; such as right to make up one’s mind how much revenue enhancement it would pay

– Most clergy supported these steps

– Besides accepted sale of the church lands, as would be paid more so they had under the ancien government

– No serious struggle with the Church until the Civil Constitution of the Clergy in July 1790

– This adapted the administration of the church to the administrative model of local govt.

– The effort to widen democracy to all facets of govt. besides expanded to the church

– Clergy no longer to be appointed but elected

– Most clergy opposed the rule of election, but bulk were in favor of happening a manner of accepting the Civil Fundamental law

– The Assembly decreed that in Nov. 1790 the clergy must take an curse to the Fundamental law

– This split the clergy

– When the Pope condemned the Civil Constitution, many who had taken the curse retracted

– There were now in consequence two Catholic Churches in Frances, one the constitutional church accepted the Revolution, the other, a non-juring Church ( non-jurors or furnace linings ) , approved by the Pope but regarded every bit patriots as against the revolution

– **** One major consequence of this split was that the counter-revolution, the motion which sought to turn over the revolution, received aggregate support for the first clip

– before it had been supported by merely a few monarchists and? migr? s

– * many villagers complained that the Assembly was seeking to alter their faith

– they felt a sense of treachery, which combined with their ill will to other steps such as muster, was to take to open rebellion in 1793 in countries such as the Vendee

– ********** Alienation with the Revolution, which finally turned into civil war, was, hence, one consequence of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy

REVOLUTIONARY CLUBS AND POPULAR DISCONTENT

Political nines had begun to organize shortly after the Estates-General met in May 1789.

Jacobin Club & # 8211 ; high entryway fee, members chiefly came from most affluent subdivisions of society. Dominant members of the Jacobin club up to the summer of 1791 were broad constitutional royalists. In July the Jacobin Club split over the request naming for the remotion of the King. 900 such nines in the spring of 1791,

Corderliers Club & # 8211 ; founded in April 1790, more extremist than the Jacobin nine and had unrestricted admittance. It objected to the differentiation b/w active and inactive citizens and supported steps which the sans-culottes favoured: direct democracy. Much support amongst the working category, although leaders were bourgeois. Most ill-famed write Marat, L & # 8217 ; Ami du Peuple. Became main spokesman of the popular motion.

** As there were no political parties, the nines played an of import portion in the revolution. Keep

– kept the populace informed major issues of the twenty-four hours

– acted as force per unit area groups to act upon the members in the Assembly

– the provincials and sans-culottes were non satisfied with what they had received from the revolution

– when the provincials realised in the spring of 1790 that their crop dues were non abolished realised in the spring of 1790 that their crop dues were non abolished outright but would hold to be bought out were profoundly disillusioned

– moving ridge of work stoppages by workers against the falling value of their rewards early in 1791

– grain monetary values rose by up to 50 per cent after hapless crop 1791

– *** the discontent of the workers could be used by the popular societies, who linked economic protests to the political demand for a democratic democracy, AND by groups in the Assembly seeking more power

– THIS MADE THE REVOLUTION MORE RADICAL IN WAYS WHICH THE BOURGEOIS LEADERS OF 1789 HAD NEITHER INTENDED NORE DESIRED.

THE RISE OF A REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT

Louis & # 8217 ; flight to Varennes

– Honore-gabriel victor riqueti, outstanding politician and speechmaker in the Constituent Assembly, died in April 1791, the centrists were going more influential in the Assembly

– They feared the new nines and outgrowth of an oganised working-class motion

– *wanted to stop the revolution but for this to go on, had to be a via media with the King

– Louis DASHED ALL THEIR HOPES BY ATTEMPTING TO FLEE

– ********One immediate consequence of his flight is that he lost what remained of his popularity, which was dependent on him being seen to back up the revolution.

– PPL started speaking openly about replacing the monarchy with a democracy

– Deputes in the assembly acted calmly to the state of affairs & # 8211 ; did non desire a democracy

– 16 July the Assembly voted to suspend the King until the Constitution had been completed

– he would be restored merely after swore to detect it

CHAMP DE MARS

– groups appalled when the King was non dethroned or put on test

– their choler directed against the Assembly

– Cordeliers and some Jacobins supported a request for the King & # 8217 ; s deposition

– **This split the Jacobin nine

– Robespierre left to preside over more extremist hindquarters & # 8211 ; Parisian deserters formed a new nine the Feuillants, which, for the minute had control over Paris

– 17 July 1791, 50,000 people flocked to the Champ de Mars, a immense field where the Feast of the Federation had been held 3 yearss earlier observing autumn of the Bastille.

– They were at that place to subscribe a republican request on the & # 8216 ; communion table of the homeland & # 8217 ;

– this was a political presentation of the poorer subdivisions of the Paris population

– the Commune, , under force per unit area from the Assembly, declared soldierly jurisprudence

– sent Lafayette with the National Guard to the Champ de Mars, where they fired on the peaceable crowd ( seeking to halt freedom of look )

– **** FIRST bloody clang between the different groups in the Third Estate, greeted with pleasance in the Assembly

– popular leaders arrested

– centrists had won, could now work out a via media with the King without confronting rabble force

– Feuillants now more so of all time committed to doing an understanding with the King

THE CONSTITUTION OF 1791

– chief purposes of the Constituent Assembly had been to pull up a Fundamental law

– which would replace absolute monarchy with a limited one

– * existent power was to go through from an elected assembly

– much of the fundamental law & # 8211 ; that the King should hold a cliff-hanging veto and that there should be one elected assembly & # 8211 ; had been worked out in 1789 but the remainder now passed until sept.1791

– King, whose office was familial, was subsidiary to the Assembly, as it passed Torahs King had to obey

– & # 8216 ; In France there is no authorization superior to the jurisprudence? it is merely by agencies of the jurisprudence that the King reigns. & # 8217 ;

– In September the King was forced, reluctantly, to accept the Fundamental law

THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY ( 1 October 1791 & # 8211 ; 20 September 1792 )

– when the King accepted the Constitution in September 1791, the Constituent Assembly was dissolved

– to forestall oppositions ruling following Assembly, Robespierre proposed a self-giving regulation

– stating that non member of the N.C.A could sit for the Legislative Assembly

– assembly elected about entirely bourgeoisie

– few Lords

– at the get downing 264 members Feuillant Club, who considered the revolution to be over136 members Jacobins

– other 350 deputies did non belong to either

– many emitters

– ** Assembly passed two Torahs in November

– 1. Declared that all non-jurors were suspects

– 2. All emitters who had non returned to France by 1 January 1792 would give up their belongings and and be regarded as treasonists ( GOING AGAINST D.R.O.R. 17! ! ! )

– when King vetoed these Torahs his unpopularity increased: he appeared to be sabotaging the revolution

– yet despite misgiving of King, it seemed likely that the Constitution of 1791 would last

– what prevented to this was the war with Austria, which began April 1792

– *****THIS EVENT HAD MORE DECISIVE AND FAR-REACHING REULTS THAN ANY OTHER IN THE WHOLE OF THE REVOLUTION

– ************* WAR FINALLY DESTROYED THE CONSENSUS OF 1789**** LED DIRECTLY TO THE FALL OF THE MONARCHY, TO CIVIL WAR AND THE TERROR

THE COMING OF WAR & # 8211 ; CRISIS FOR THE REVOLUTION

– the Great Powers had shown no involvement in step ining during the first two old ages of the Gallic Rev

– Leopold II, Habsburg Empire approved of many of the broad reforms in the Revolution and did non desire a return to tyranny

– Like other soverigns, was plaes at the prostration of Gallic power and no longer regarded France as a serious challenger

– After the flight of Varenned the Austrians felt they had to do some gesture to back up Louis

– THEREFORE, AUGUST 1791, ISSUED DECLARATION OF PILLNITZ, in association with Prussia

– Said they were ready, with other crowned heads to reconstruct the King of France to a place of power which he couuld strenghthen foudations of monarchal govt.

– *appeared to be a menace to interfere with Gallic internal personal businesss, but in world it was no menace at all

– in France, dec. did non make much of a stil

– ***SOME Peoples IN FRANCE WHO CAME TO BELIEVE, FOR DIFFERENT REASONS, THAT WAR WAS IN THEIR OWN BEST Interest

– Marie Antoinette & # 8211 ; saw that & # 8216 ; conciliation is out of the question..armed force has destroyed everything and ony armed force can set things right. & # 8217 ; She hoped for a war in which Louis would be defeated, enabling him to retrieve his powers

– King shared her position

– ***at this same clip he was taking an curse for the fundamental law, Antoinette was composing to the Austrian embassador, & # 8216 ; giving the feeling of following the new thoughts is the safest manner of rapidly get the better ofing them. & # 8217 ;

– La fayette and Dumouriez besides wanted war

– The desire for war resulted in the cooperation of Laafayette and his follwers with the Brissotins, who besides wanted war

– Brissot one of the first to back up the democracy after Louis & # 8217 ; flight to Varennes and wanted abolishment of monarchy

– He saw King had non truly accepted the Constitution, and thought a war would coerce the King to come out into the unfastened, as it would treasonists who were opposed to the revolution

– Robespierre non in favor of war & # 8211 ; made experiencing known in Jacobin nine

– Austrian menaces and Girondin onslaughts on the & # 8216 ; Austrian Committee & # 8217 ; at Court forced the King to disregard his Feuillant curates in March 1792 and appint a more extremist authorities, including some Girondin curates

– ***THIS WAS A DECISIVE CHANGE

– the old curates had carried out wants of the King, the new 1s obeyed the Assembly

– both the Assembly and the Govt now wanted war, particularly new foreign curate Dumouriez

– he hated Austria, but had purposes similar to that of Lafayette

– France declared war on Austria 29 April 1792

– Preussen declared war on France a month subsequently

THE FALL OF THE MONARCHY

– War showed the failing of the Gallic armiestreason and treasonists were blamed for for Gallic lickings and with some justification: Marie Antoinette had sent inside informations of Gallic military programs to the Austrians

– Govt besides had other jobs to cover with, such as opostion from non-juring preists and counter-revolutionaries

– 27 May Assembly passed a jurisprudence for the exile of furnace lining preiest

– another jurisprudence dibanded King & # 8217 ; s Guard, and 3rd set up a cantonment for 20 000 National Guards ( known as federes, because their reaching coinced with the banquet of the federation )

– were to protect Paris from Invasion and the govt. from a putsch

– Louis refused to O.K. these Torahs

– Leader of the subdivisions responded to these events by keeping armed presentations on 20 June day of remembrance of the Tennis Court Oath

– Leaderships came from Cordeliers nine

– 8000 demonstrators, many of them national guards, poured into the Tuilleris

– Louis behaved great self-respect & # 8211 ; likely saved his life

– This journee did non accomplish its coveted terminal: King did non remember the Girondin curates

– **did demo really clearly the failing of the King and the Assembly and the power of the Sections

– Assembly shortly took stairss which recognised the turning imporance of the sans-culotttes

– 11 July it declared a province of exigency, publishing & # 8216 ; la patrie en danger & # 8217 ; ( the male parent land in danger ) which called on every French adult male to contend

– titled the favor to democrats

– how could u inquire a adult male to contend and non give him the ballot?

– Federes demanded the admittance of inactive citizens into the sectional assemblies and National

– Tension in Paris was increased by the reaching of federes from the states and by the Brunswick Manifesto

– The fedres were military revolutionists and Republicans, unlike the Paris National Guard, whose officers were conservative or monarchist

– **THE BRUNSWICK MANIFESTO, issued by the commanding officer in head of the Austro-Prussian ground forcess, was published in Paris 1 August

– it threatened that any National Guard captured contending would be punished as & # 8216 ; Rebels of the male monarch & # 8217 ;

– Parisians were jointly held responsible for the safety of the royal household

– If it was harmed the Alliess would put to death & # 8216 ; an model retribution? by presenting the metropolis of Paris to a military exectuion. & # 8217 ;

– The Manifesto was intended to assist the King, but had the opposite effects

– **FRENCH MEN INFURIATED and many who has supported the monarchy non turned against it

– a new innsurrection was was being prepared by groups and federes, Girondins changed thie rattitude of oppostion to the King and tried to forestall a lifting

– Louis was warned that there was likely to be more violent rebellion so that of 20 June, and to recally the curates he had dismissed 13 June

– Louis rejected their offer

– Robespierre abandoned his old support for the Constitution of 1991 and called for the overthrow of the monarchy

– He besides wanted a national Convention, elected by a univeral male right to vote to replace the Legislative Assembly

– *On 3 August, Petion, Mayor of Paris, went to the Legislative Assembly and demanded, on behalf of the 47 out of the 48 subdivisions, the abolishment of the monarchy

– *yet Assembly refused to force out the King

– *9 August Sans-culottes took over the Hotel de Ville, overthrew the old municipality and put up a radical Commune

– the following forenoon several thousand National Guard, now unfastened to passive citizens, and 2000 federes, led by those from Marseille marched on the Tuileries

– the paace was defended by 3000 military personnels

– 2000 of whom were national guard

– the others were Swiss soldier of fortunes who were certain to defy.

– During the forenoon the royal household had sought safety in the Legislative As

sembly

– The National Guard supporting the Tuileries, joined the insurrectionists, who entered the courtyards

– Belived the onslaught was over until the Swiss started firing, King ordered his Swiss gurads to discontinue fire

– ***THE Rise WAS AS MUCH A REJECTION OF THE ASSEMBLY AS IT WAS OF THE KING

– Deputies had to manus over the King to the Commune, who imprisoned him

– ***As a effect of the autumn of the monarchy, the 1791 Constitution became inoperative. The Assembly had to hold to the election, by cosmopolitan male right to vote, of a National Convention to pull up a new, democratic fundamental law

– The constitutional royalists, about 2/3 of the deputies, did non experience safe, so they stayed off from the Assembly and went into concealment

– Left the GIRONDINS in chargee, the donees of a revolution they had tired to avoid

– Convention met for the first clip 20 September 1792. On the following twenty-four hours they abolished the monarchy

Revolutionary GOVERNMENT AND THE TERROR

-symbol of the Terror is the closure by compartment, and is symbol most ppl have in mimnd when they think of the Gallic Revolution, bloodthirsty purgings, terrified citizens, absolutism and the supression of the autonomies which had been so triumphantly announced in the Declaration of Rights and Man in 1789. Gallic historiographers Furet and Richet saw the period from August 1792 to July1794 as clip when millitant sans culottes knocked the revolution off class

Struggle FOR POWER: Girondist AND JACOBINS

THE CONVENTION ( 20 September 1792 & # 8211 ; 26 October 1795 )

– all work forces over 21 could vote in the elections to the Convention

– but the consequence was distorted by fright and bullying

– Inch Paris, all who had shown royalist sypathies were disfranchised

– Therefore all 24 members for Paris were Jacobins, repubicans, and protagonists of the Commune

– Robespierre came caput od the canvass in the capital

– At first about 200 Girondists and 100 Jacobins in the Convention

– Majority of the deputies, uncommitted to either group, know as the Plain or March & # 8211 ; middle land they sat

– Until 2 June 1793 the history of the Convention is that of a battle between the Girondins and Jacobins

– The latter came to be known as Montagnards ( Jacobins ) as Girondins excessively members of the Jacobin nine

– Girondists and Montagnards were all bureois and agreed on most policies

– Both strongly in the Revolution and the Republic, hated privilges, were anit-clerical and favoured a broad economic policy

– Both wanted a more Enlightened and humanist France

– Differed in soure of suppor

– Both Girondins and Montagnards committed to winning the war but the latter more flexible in their attack

– Girondists thought that Robespierre wanted a bloody absolutism, the Montagnards convinced that the Girondins would compromise with conservative, even royalst, forces to remain inpower

– They hence, accused them of back uping couter-revolution

– As neither side had the bulk in the Assembly each needed to hold the support of the Plain

– They excessively were bourgeois, blieved in economic liberalism and were profoundly afraid of the popular motion

– At foremost supported the Girondins, who provided most of the curates and dominated mnost of the Assembly & # 8217 ; s commissions

SEPTEMBER MASSACRES

– August the state of affairs of the Gallic ground forcess on the fronttier was despairing, Lafayette fled to the Austrians on 7 August

– With taking general deserting, who could still be trusted?

– Panic and fright of perfidy swept the state

– By the beginning of September Verdun, the last major fortress on the route to Paris, was about to give up

– Commune called on all nationalists to take up weaponries, 1000s volunteered to support the capital and the revolution

– *****BUT ONCE THEY HAD LEFT FOR THE FRONT, THERE WAS CONCERN ABOUT THE OVERCROWDED PRISONS, WHERE THERE WAS A RUMOUR WHERE THERE WERE MANY PRIEST S AND NOBLES, COUNTER REVOLUTIONARY SUSPECTS

– a rumor arose that they wee plotting to get away, kill the incapacitated population and manus the metropolis over to the Prussians

– Marat, called for plotters to be killed

– Slaughter of captives began 2 September and continuted for 5 yearss

– Killers the sans-culottes

– **this slaughter cast a shadow over the first meeting of the Convention

– merely as the routunes of war had brought about the September Massacres, they besides brought an terminal to this portion of the Panic

– political history of the first stage of the National Convention ( 20 September 1792 to 2 June 1793 ) is that of the power battle b/w Girondins and montagnards

– it was clouded by the argument over the arraignment, test and executing of the King, and the political competition for power among the divided republicans is convused and compunded by the escalatoin of the more limited war of 1792 into the war of the First Coalition

THE TRIAL OF LOUIS XVI

-Jacobins insisted on the test of the King, in order to get down republic more firmly

– progressively depended on the sans-culottes, who wanted the King tried and executed

– held him responsible for the bloodshed at the Tuileries in August 1792

– Girondists tried to forestall a test

– What eventually sealed the King & # 8217 ; s destiny was the thought of Marat to hold an & # 8216 ; appel nominal & # 8217 ; ppl had to state there vote in public

– King EXECUTED 21 JANUARY 1793 ( For extremist Republicans this was a logical action since Article VI of the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and Ctizen stated that & # 8216 ; the jurisprudence must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. & # 8217 ;

– First Jacobin triumph in the Convention

– By Louis & # 8217 ; executing the Montagnards gained an dominance in the Convention which they seldom lost afterwards

THE WAR EXTENDED

– At same clip war, civil war in the Vendee

– to the surprise of the Gallic the war went severely

Effects OF THE WAR

– by winter 1792-3 the counter rpm. in France had virtually collapsed

– REVIVED by the enlargement of the war and muster

– Govt. ordered a levy of 30000 military personnels in Feb.1793

– This led to monolithic rises in the Vedee

– Troubles in the Vendee had begun long before 1793 and muster

– Peasants there were paying more in land revenue enhancement than they had under the ancien government and so dislike dthe reovutionary authorities

– This disfavor turned into hatred with the Civil Constitution of the Clergy

– Sale of church lands besides unpopular

– Economic jobs, for which the war was lrgely responsible, added to the troubles of the authorities

– To pay for the war more and more assignats were printed and had fallen to half their nominal value bhy February 1793

– This pushed up monetary value

– Although good crop Nov1792, staff of life scarse

– The consequences of high monetary values and scarceness, were as usual, widespread public violences and dmands from the sans-culottes for monetary value controls

– Support of the people necessary to contend the war, so it was clear some of their demands would hold to be met

– Realised foremost by the Montagnards

– The Plain joined the Montagnards in favor of inhibitory steps

– BARERE, A LEADER OF THE PLAIN, TOLD THE CONVENTION THAT IT SHOULD RECOGNISE THREE THINGS: IN A State OF EMERGENCY NO GOVERNMENT COULD RULE BY NORMAL METHODS, THE BOURGEOIS SHOULD NOT ISOLATE THEMSELVES FROM THE PEOPLE, WHOSE DEMANDS SHOULD BE SATISFIED, THE BOURGEOIS MUST RETAIN CONTROL OF THIS ALLINACE, AND SO THE CONVETNION MUST Take THE INIATIVE BY INTRODUCING THE NECESSARY MEASURES. & # 8217 ;

****These meausures were passed by the Convention between 10 March and 20 May 1793. They had 3 aims.

1. to watch and penalize suspects

2. to do govt. more effectual

3. to run into at least some of the demands of the sans-culottes

10 MARCH & # 8211 ; REVOLUTIONARY TRIBUNAL SET UP

– court set up in Paris to seek counter-revolutionary suspects and was intended to forestall slaughters like those of September 1792

– court to go one of the chief bureaus of the terro

– owing to the opposition to muster, and the suspcion of generals after Dumouriez & # 8217 ; s desertion, representatives on mission were sent to the states

– they were deputies of the Convention, chiefly Montagnards, whose occupation was toi speed up muster and maintain an oculus on the behavior of generals

***on 6 April possibly th emost of import of all these steps, THE COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY, was set up to oversee and rush up theactivities of curates, whose authorization is superseded

– Committee non a absolutism, depended on the support of the Xonvention which renewed its powers each month

– Who was to be on the new Committee?

– All these steps & # 8211 ; Revolutionary Tribunals, representatives & # 8211 ; on-misson, ticker commissions, the Committee of Public Safety drumhead executing edict & # 8211 ; were to go critical ingredients of the Panic

THE FALL OF THE GIRONDINS

– 2 June 80000 National Guardsman surrounded the Convention and directed their cannon at it

– they demanded the ejection of Girondins from the Assembly and a maximal monetary value on al indispensable goods

– when deputies tried to go forth they were forced back

– for the first clip armed force was being used against an elective parliament

– to avoid a slaughter or a radical commune seizzing pwer, the Convention compelled to hold to the apprehension of 29 Girondin deputies and two curates

THE NEW COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY

– 2 June most deputies freared and distrusted the Montagnards

– nevertheless, did non desire to see the Republic overthrown by domestic or foreign ememies and so for the following 14 monmths they were loath confederates of the Jacobin minority

– when a new Committee of Public Safety was formed between July and September 1793, the 12 members were all either Montagnards, or deputies of the Plain who had joined them

– the new commission was to go the first strong govt. since the Revolution began

– all members were re-elected to the Committee by the Convention every montyh from Sept. 1793 to July 1794

– Robespierre joined the Committee on 27July

– As Robespierre shared many thoughts with the sans-culottes he was popular with the peole of Paris but he was ne’er one of the people as Marat was

THE JACOBIN REPUBLIC AND THE REIGN OF TERROR ( JUNE 1793-JULY 1794 )

? The crisis of the Revolution & # 8211 ; June & # 8211 ; December 1793

-when the Jacobins assumed province power in early June 1793 the Frency Republic was beset by multiple crisis

over the summer and fall of 1793 the gravitation of this crisis would augment to a pint where the really endurance of the Republic, and hence of the Revolution

the Republic was at the same time threatened by foreign invasion across all land frontiers

– counter revolution in Western France, internal rebellion ( the Federalist rebellions ) barbarian rising prices & # 8211 ; assignats, the volatility and potenial lawlessness of the sans-culottes in the metropoliss, and the rural community who remained, over whelmingly, Catholic and monarchist at bosom under the violently anti-clerical democracy government

– when Marat assassinated 13 July 1793, Parisians feared that the virus of counter revolution had eventually penetrated the captial itself

THE FEDERALIST REVOLTS AND THE DISINTERGRATION OF NATIONAL UNITY

– & # 8216 ; Federalist & # 8217 ; rebellions that broke out like an epidemic in France in the summer of 1793 were the fruit of both factional struggle in the Convention b/w the Gironde and the Mountain in APRIL-May and of the Paris rebellion of 31 May-2-June which forced ruin Girondin govt.

– whatever form the & # 8216 ; Federalist & # 8217 ; rebellions assumed & # 8211 ; civil upset, inactive opposition to national govt. , armed rebellion, or factional terrorist act, in states

– federalism rebellions were seen as royalist secret plans to destruct the integrity of the Republic

– Federalism appeared as a serious menace to the Government

– **most serious effects of the rebellions was the break of the crop, and disruption of the war attempt, and the rupture of lines of communicating to the ffrontiers

CREATING THE INSTITUTIONS OF THE TERROR

– the Terro should be viewed as an branch of the besieging outlook that gripped Paris in Year II

– as a response to force per unit area from the sans-culottes for entire solutions to toal jobs, and as a reacton to ther exigency of war, rebellion and counter-revolution

– it was ever viewed by the convention, the Jacobin Party, and the sans-culottes as a impermanent stage in the history of the Republic, as a break of the normal class of development of the revolution

– purely talking the Terro means extra-parliamentary govt.

– it becaem de jure on 5 September, 1793, when the constituion of 1793 tungsten made inoperative

– during the reign of panic & # 8211 ; delcared that they & # 8216 ; were radical until the peace & # 8217 ;

– the machinery of the Terro was fashioned in an ambiance of loyal ecstasy, suspcion and force

Fundamental law OF THE TERROR & # 8211 ; OCT 1793

Institution OF THE TERRO

The Executive Committees

– b/w July and December the Convention easy defined and enlarged the funtions and powers of the executive commissions of fincance, public safety and general security

– the Convention retained autonomous power in the formal sense that it elected all members of the three commissions each month, and the commissions were ultimatley responsible to it

– commission of public safety and General Security were given tremendous discretional powers, and by the terminal of 1793 had become virtually independent

– finally, during the first half of 1794, the Committee of Public Safety came to monopolize all the powers of govt. , a state of affairs in which rather literally 12 ruled France

The Levee en masse and the creative activity of Armees Revolutionnaires

– rpm. govt. helped tremendously in its work of national defense mechanism by the levee en masse of 23 August, 1793

– and the creative activity of civic reserves –

– the levee en masse was both an act of military muster and a call for a national, loyal risingto extirpate the enemies of the Republic

– response in Paris electric, but in states the peasnty had to be bludgeoned into the ground forces and terrorised into co-operation with civil authorization

– to do unsafe generalization & # 8211 ; e/where throughout France townsmen responded magnificiently to this call for a national rise, while in rural communities it was received with apathy and fatalistic passiveness

– the armees revolutionists recruited in Paris and the larger towns, staffed by sans-culottes elected by the rank and file, para-military, ultra-revolutionary, and perilously independent, went out into the countryside in the fall and winter of 1793-4 to advance enlisting, to requistion grain,

ECONOMIC POLICIES AND CONTROL

– the chief economic policies of the Convention b/w June and December 1793 were introduced in response to sans-culotte force per unit area

– most of import economic edict abolished all staying feudal rights without damages

– declared monopoly of capital offense, stabilised the assignats, established, established a compulsory loan

– *** Of these decrees the Law OF MAXIMUM & # 8211 ; 29 SEPTEMBER 1793 & # 8211 ; was the most of import

– it empowered the province to modulate the supply and monetary values of indispensable trade goods ( nutrient materials, fuels, industrial natural stuffs.

Representatives on Mission and the Agents Nationaux

– C.P.S. easy centralised its power over the states during the fall and winter of 1793-4 with the assistance of ad hoc and lasting functionaries

– Rep on mission ( at one clip up to 100 members of the Convention ) carried the power of the province personally into the more troubled parts of France and made lightning chekcs on the ground forcess of the frontiers

– The power of the reps on mission symbolised for Frenchmans in the Provinces waas both grand and awful

Great Panic

– the govt wanted to be in complete control over repression, so in May 1794, it abolished all the provincial Revolutionary Courts

– all enemies of the Republic had now to be brought to Paris, to be tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal

– did non intend Terror less sever

– Law of Prairial, passed 10 June 1794 & # 8216 ; Enemies of the people ; were defined as those & # 8216 ; who have sought to misdirect opinion..to dprave imposts and to pervert the public conscience. & # 8217 ;

– Footings so obscure about anyone could be included

– No vinos were to be called and judgement Washington to be decided by the & # 8216 ; scruples of the jurymans & # 8217 ; instead so by any evidnce produced

– Defendants were non allowed defense mechanism council and the lone possible finding of facts were decease or aquittal

– this jurisprudence removed any gloss of a just test and was designed to rush up those procedure of radical justness

– MORE Peoples WERE SENTENCED TO DEATH BY THE REVOLUTIONARY TRIBUNAL IN THE NINE WEEKS AFTER 10 JUNE THAN IN THE PREVIOUS MONTHS OF ITS EXISTENCE

9 THERMIDOR & # 8211 ; FALL OF ROBESPIERRE

-throughout July, moves were being made within the Committees and the Convention to organize a putsch against the Robespierris

– the confederacy was really hard to organize, since it encompassed centrists and extremists whose disfavor for eatch other was merely low-level to their greater hatred and fright of Robespierre

– in the terminal it was Robespierre & # 8217 ; s concluding address to the Convention on the 8 Thermidor that eventually cemented an confederation of the Thermidorians

– the address took several hours to present

– as it progressed became progressively hysterical, irrational, and paranoiac

– near the terminal Robespierre made wild allegations of ground and corruptness within the Committees of Fincance, General Security, and Public Safety, but when challenged to call the treasonists he refused

– when the Convention reassembled the following twenty-four hours ( 9 Thermidor, 27 July ) a gesture to impeach and criminalize the Robespierrists was moved and carried

– Robespierre arrested and executed

– Frankincense began the Thermidorian reaction

– Within a month of the whole machinery of the governemtn of the Terror would be dismantlye

Napoleon

The effectual swayer of France, Napoleon Bonaparte, 30 twelvemonth old general, first consul between 1796-1799. After old ages of convulsion, or rebellion, revolution and counter-revolution, people yearned for a stableness and security. In 1802 another plebiscite approved Napoleon & # 8217 ; s assignment of consul for life, in 1804 he assumed the rubric of emperor. At the coronating ceromony 2 December 1804 Napoleon took the Crown from the custodies of the Catholic Pope and placed it on his ain caput as a symbolic coronation of a & # 8217 ; self-made & # 8217 ; emperor

The bank of France established to brace the currency. New codifications of civil jurisprudence, pean and commercial were formulated into the Code Napoleon, guaranting equality before the jurisprudence and confering a sense of permanency on the additions of the Rev..

OUTCOME AND INFLUENCE OF THE REVOLUTION

– rpm many diff. Thingss to many diff people

– its effects varied from metropolis to state side, from northern France to the South

– rating of the significance of the revolution brought approximately during the rpm. involves an designation of the purposes of the revolutionists, and opinion of the extent they were attained

– both & # 8216 ; democratic & # 8217 ; and & # 8216 ; broad & # 8217 ; aspirations became influential forces in European society as a consequence of the Rev. period

– in the early phases of the rpm. the progressives and Democrats were united in theier attempts to accomplish an change of the old order

THE REVOLUTION AS AN ASSERTION OF REPUBLICANISM

– the constitution of a repubic had non been one of the primary purposes of the revolutionists

– a signifier of constitutional monarchy was widely preferable sentiment in the early old ages

– after the republican disposals had failed to accomplish stableness and order, the Gallic people returned to the monarchal signifier of govt.

DESTRUCTION OF PRIVLEGE

– through the momentous 1789 declarations get rid ofing feudal system and proclaiming the rights of the citizen, together with that get rid ofing the monarchy ( 1792 )

– French revolutionists destroyed the power and prestigiousness of both antecedently privleged nobility and the monarchy

– people could no longer be & # 8216 ; born to govern & # 8217 ; and the rule of Godhead right did non return

THE REDUCTION IN AUTHORITY OF THE CHURCH

-through the radical announcements of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, and the arrogation and sale of Church lands, the Roman Catholic Chruch lost its dominant place in Gallic society

in consequence society was mostly de-Christianised and secularies

IMPORTANCE OF REV. HISTORIANS VIEWS

Since the revn most historiographers have argued that for better or worse, the revn deeply altered most facets of life in France. Since mid 1950s, when Alfred Cobban atacked & # 8216 ; the myth of the French revolution & # 8217 ; revisionist historiographers have progressively questioned the long recognized certainties of the beginnings and results of the rpm.

British historian Roger Price

& # 8216 ; In political and ideological footings the revolution was no uncertainty important importance, but humanity was non transformed, thereby at the terminal of all the political upheavels fo the revolution and Empire small had changed in the day-to-day life of most frenchment. & # 8217 ;

Soboul: & # 8216 ; A authoritative businessperson revn, its sturdy aboliton of the feudal system and the seigneurial government made it the get downing point for a capitalist society and the broad representative socialist revn. & # 8217 ;

Nobles & # 8211 ; greatest loses in the revn

– lost their feudal dues

– *Nobles who stayed in France and were non prosecuted during the Terror reatined their lands and ne’er lost their place of economic laterality