Efficiency of Lemon Grass as Mouthwash Essay Sample

Black’s Law Dictionary defines a Fundamental law as “The cardinal and organic jurisprudence of a state or province that establishes the establishments and setup of authorities. defines the range of governmental autonomous powers. and guarantees single civil rights and civil autonomies. ” The present Constitution of the Philippines:

The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines: approved by the 1986 Constitutional Commission on October 12. 1986 ; presented to President Corazon C. Aquino on October 15. 1986 ; ratified on February 2. 1987 by plebiscite ; proclaimed in force on February 11. 1987. Past fundamental laws of the Philippines:

The 1986 Freedom Constitution: promulgated by Presidential Proclamation. March 25. 1986. The 1973 Fundamental law: as Amended in October 16-17. 1976. on January 30. 1980. and April 7. 1981. The 1973 Fundamental law: bill of exchange presented to President Marcos by the 1971 Constitutional Convention on December 1. 1972 ; deemed ratified by Citizens’ Assemblies held from January 10-15. 1973. proclaimed in force by Proclamation by President Marcos. January 17. 1973. The 1943 Fundamental law: as approved by the Preparatory Committee on Philippine Independence. September 4. 1943 and ratified by the KALIBAPI Convention. September 7. 1943. The 1935 Fundamental law: as amended on June 18. 1940. and on March 11. 1947. The 1935 Fundamental law: as approved by the 1934 Constitutional Convention on February 8. 1935. certified by the President of the United States on March 25. 1935. and ratified by plebiscite on May 14. 1935. The Jones Law of 1916: enacted into jurisprudence by the United States Congress on August 29. 1916. The Philippine Organic Act of 1902: enacted into jurisprudence by the United States Congress on July 1. 1902 The 1899 Malolos Constitution: approved by the Malolos Congress on November 29. 1898. bill of exchange returned by President Aguinaldo on December 1. 1898 for amendments. which the Congress refused ; approved by President Aguinaldo on December 23. 1898 ; officially adopted by the Malolos Congress on January 20. 1899. promulgated by President Emilio Aguinaldo on January 21. 1899.

Fundamental law of the Philippines
The Constitution of the Philippines ( Filipino: Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas ) is the supreme jurisprudence of the Philippines. The Constitution presently in consequence was enacted in 1987. during the disposal of President Corazon C. Aquino. and is popularly known as the “1987 Constitution” . [ 1 ] Philippineconstitutional jurisprudence experts recognise three other old fundamental laws as holding efficaciously governed the state — the 1935 Commonwealth Constitution. the 1973 Constitution. and the 1986 Freedom Constitution. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Fundamental laws for the Philippines were besides drafted and adopted during the ephemeral authoritiess of Presidents Emilio Aguinaldo ( 1898 ) and Jose P. Laurel ( 1943 ) . Background of the 1987 Fundamental law

In 1986. following the People Power Revolution which ousted Ferdinand E. Marcos as president. and following on her ain startup. Corazon C. Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3. declaring a national policy to implement the reforms mandated by the people. protecting their basic rights. following a probationary fundamental law. and supplying for an orderly passage to a authorities under a new fundamental law. [ 4 ] President Aquino subsequently issued Proclamation No. 9. making a Constitutional Commission ( popularly abbreviated “Con Com” in the Philippines ) to border a new fundamental law to replace the 1973 Constitution which took consequence during the Marcos soldierly jurisprudence government. Aquino appointed 50 members to the Commission. The members of the Commission were drawn from varied backgrounds. including several former congresswomans. a former Supreme Court Chief Justice ( Roberto Concepcion ) . a Catholic bishop ( Teodoro Bacani ) and movie manager ( Lino Brocka ) . Aquino besides intentionally appointed 5 members. including former Labor Minister Blas Ople. who had been allied with Marcos until the latter’s ejector.

After the Commission had convened. it elected as its president Cecilia Munoz-Palma. who had emerged as a prima figure in the anti-Marcos resistance following her retirement as the first female Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. The Commission finished the bill of exchange charter within four months after it was convened. Several issues were hotly debated during the Sessionss. including on the signifier of authorities to follow. the abolishment of thedeath punishment. the continued keeping of the Clark and Subic American military bases. and the integrating of economic policies into the Constitution. Brocka would walk out of the Commission before its completion. and two other delegates would dissent from the concluding bill of exchange. The ConCom completed their undertaking on 12 October 1986 and presented the bill of exchange fundamental law to President Aquino on October 15. 1986. After a period of countrywide information run. a plebiscite for its confirmation was held on February 2. 1987. More than three-quarterss of all ballots cast. 76. 37 % ( or 17. 059. 495 electors ) favored confirmation as against 22. 65 % ( or 5. 058. 714 electors ) who voted against confirmation. On February 11. 1987. the new fundamental law was proclaimed sanctioned and took consequence. On that same twenty-four hours. Aquino. the other authorities functionaries. and the Armed Forces of the Philippines pledged commitment to the Constitution.

Partss of the 1987 Fundamental law
The Constitution is divided into 18 parts. excepting the Preamble. which are called Articles. The Articles are as follows:
* Article I – National Territory
* Article II – Declaration of Principles and State Policies
* Article III – Bill of Rights
* Article IV – Citizenship
* Article V – Suffrage
* Article VI – Legislative Department
* Article VII – Executive Department

* Article VIII – Judicial Department
* Article IX – Constitutional Commission
* Article X – Local Government
* Article XI – Accountability of Public Officers
* Article XII – National Economy and Patrimony
* Article XIII – Social Justice and Human Rights
* Article XIV – Education. Science and Technology. Humanistic disciplines. Culture and Sports
* Article XV – The Family
* Article XVI – General Provisions
* Article XVII – Amendments or Revisions
* Article XVIII – Transitory Provisions

Preamble of the1987 Fundamental law
The Preamble reads:
“| PreambleWe. the autonomous Filipino people. beging the assistance of Almighty God. in order to construct a merely and humanist society. and set up a Government that shall incarnate our ideals and aspirations. advance the common good. preserve and develop our patrimony. and secure to ourselves and our descendants. the approvals of independency and democracy under the regulation of jurisprudence and a government of truth. justness. freedom. love. equality. and peace. make ordain and proclaim this Constitution. [ 1 ]

Significant characteristics of the 1987 Fundamental law
The Constitution establishes the Philippines as a “democratic and republican State” . where “sovereignty resides in the people and all authorities authorization emanates from them” . ( Section 1. Article II ) Consistent with the philosophy of separation of powers. the powers of the national authorities are exercised in chief by three subdivisions — the executive branchheaded by the President. the legislative subdivision composed of Congress and the judicial subdivision with the Supreme Court busying the highest grade of the bench. The President and the members of Congress are straight elected by the people. while the members of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President from a list formed by the Judicial and Bar Council. As with the American system of authorities. it is Congress which enacts the Torahs. topic to the veto power of the President which may however be overturned by a two-thirds ballot of Congress ( Section 27 ( 1 ) . Article VI ) . The President has the constitutional responsibility to guarantee the faithful executing of the Torahs ( Section 17. Article VII ) . while the tribunals are expressly granted the power of judicial reappraisal ( Section 1. Article VIII ) . including the power to invalidate or construe Torahs.

The President is besides recognized as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces ( Section 18. Article VII ) . The Constitution besides establishes limited political liberty to the local authorities units that act as the municipal authoritiess forprovinces. metropoliss. municipalities. and barangays. ( Section 1. Article X ) Local authoritiess are by and large considered as falling under the executive subdivision. yet local statute law requires enactment by duly elected local legislative organic structures. The Constitution ( Section 3. Article X ) mandated that the Congress would ordain a Local Government Code. The Congress punctually enacted Republic Act No. 7160. The Local Government Code of 1991. which became effectual on 1 January 1992. [ 6 ] The Supreme Court has noted that the Bill of Rights “occupies a place of primacy in the cardinal law” . [ 7 ] The Bill of Rights. contained in Article III. enumerates the specific protections against State power. Many of these warrants are similar to those provided in the American fundamental law and other democratic fundamental laws. including the due procedure and equal protection clause. the right against indefensible hunts and ictuss. the right to free speechand the free exercising of faith. the right against self-incrimination. and the right to habeas principal.

The range and restrictions to these rights have mostly been determined by Philippine Supreme Court determinations. Outside of the Bill of Rights. the Constitution besides contains several other commissariats reciting assorted province policies including. i. e. . the avowal of labour “as a primary societal economic force” ( Section 14. Article II ) ; the equal protection of “the life of the female parent and the life of the unborn from conception” ( Section 12. Article II ) ; the “Filipino household as the foundation of the nation” ( Article XV. Section 1 ) ; the acknowledgment of Filipino as “the national linguistic communication of the Philippines” ( Section 6. Article XVI ) . and even a demand that “all educational establishments shall set about regular athleticss activities throughout the state in cooperation with athletic nines and other sectors. ” ( Section 19. 1. Article XIV )

Whether these commissariats may. by themselves. be the beginning of enforceable rights without attach toing statute law has been the topic of considerable argument in the legal domain and within the Supreme Court. The Court. for illustration. has ruled that a proviso necessitating that the State “guarantee equal entree to chances to public service” could non be enforced without attach toing statute law. and therefore could non exclude the disallowance of alleged “nuisance candidates” in presidential elections. [ 8 ] But in another instance. the Court held that a proviso necessitating that the State “protect and progress the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology” did non necessitate implementing statute law to go the beginning of operative rights.