The American Pageant Notes Essay Sample
* War of 1812 prompted a roar of American mills and the usage of American merchandises as opposed to British imports. * The excess in American fabrication dropped following the Treaty of Ghent in 1815. * The British makers sold their merchandises to Americans at really low monetary values. * Congress passed the Duty of 1816 in order to protect the American makers. * 1798-Eli Whitney came up with the thought of machines doing each portion of the musket so that every portion of the musket would be the same. * By 1850-the rule of interchangeable parts caught on and it became the footing for mass-production. * Elias Howe- invented the stitching machine in 1846.
* The run uping machine gave a encouragement to northern industrialisation. * Became the foundation of the ready-made vesture industry. * Laws of “free incorporation”- foremost passed in New York in 1848 ; business communities could make corporations without using for single charters from the legislative assembly. * Samuel F. B. Morse- invented the telegraph.
Workers and “Wage Slaves”
* Impersonal relationships replaced the personal relationships that were one time held between workers. * Factory workers were forbidden by jurisprudence to organize labour brotherhoods to raise rewards. * 1820s- many kids were used as labourers in mills. * With Jacksonian Democracy came the rights of the tuging adult male to vote. * President Van Buren established the ten-hour work twenty-four hours in 1840. * Commonwealth vs. Hunt- Supreme Court opinion said that labour brotherhoods were non illegal confederacies. provided that their methods were honest and peaceable. Womans and the Economy
* Farm adult females and misss had an of import topographic point in the pre-industrial economic system. whirling narration. weaving fabric. and doing tapers. soap. butter. and cheese. * Women were out to organize brotherhoods and they had few chances to portion dissatisfactions over their rough on the job conditions. * Catharine Beecher- urged adult females to come in the instruction profession. * The huge bulk of working adult females were individual.
* During the Industrial Revolution- households were little. affectionate. and child-centered. which provided a particular topographic point for adult females. Western Farmers Reap a Revolution in the William claude dukenfields
* The trans-Allegheny part became the nation’s breadbasket. * Liquor and pigs became the early western farmer’s basic market points. * John Deere- produced a steel plough in 1837 which broke through the thick dirt of the West. Highways and Steamboats
* Lancaster Turnpike- hard-surfaced main road that ran from Philadelphia to Lancaster ; drivers had to pay a toll to utilize it. * 1811- the federal authorities began to build the National Road. or Cumberland Road. It went from Cumberland. in western Maryland. to Illinois. Its building was halted during the War of 1812. but the route was completed in 1852. * Robert Fulton- installed a steam engine and created the first steamboat. * The steamboat played a critical function in the gap and adhering the West and South. “Clinton’s Big Ditch” in New York
* Governor DeWitt Clinton- governor of New York who lead the edifice of the Erie Canal that connected the Great Lakes with the Hudson River in 1825 ; the canal lowered transportation monetary values and reduced rider theodolite clip. The Iron Horse
* The most important part to the development of such an economic system was the railway. The first one appeared in 1828. * at first were opposed because of safety defects and they took away money from the Erie Canal investors. Cables ( Telegraphs ) . Clippers. and Pony Riders
* 1840s and 1850s- Yankee umbilicus paces began to bring forth new trades called clipper ships. * These ships sacrificed lading room for velocity
* able to transport little sums of goods in short sums of clip * they faded off after steam boats were made better
* 1860-The Pony Express was established to transport mail from St. Joseph. Missouri to Sacramento. California. * The mail service collapsed after 18 months due to deficiency of net income. The Transport Web Binds the Union
* The desire of the East to travel west stimulated the “transportation revolution. ” * The South raised cotton for export to New England and Britain. * The West grew grain and farm animal to feed factory workers in the East and in Europe. * The East made machines and fabrics for the South and the West. * All of these merchandises were transported utilizing the railway ; the railway linked America.
Resuscitating Religion
* Thomas Paine promoted the philosophies of Deism.
* relied on scientific discipline instead than the Bible and they denied the deity of Christ * Believed in a Supreme Being who had created a existence and endowed human existences with a capacity for moral behaviour. * Unitarianism spun off of Deism.
* Unitarians believed that God existed in merely one individual. It appealed to largely intellectuals. * 1800- Second Great Awakening came
* Women were a big portion of it.
* Peter Cartwright- a evangelist. going sermonizer who converted 1000s to Christianity. * Charles Grandison Finney- one of the greatest evangelist sermonizers. Denominational Diversity
* Many sermonizers preached in Western New York where the Puritans settled. * The Second Great Awakening widened the lines between the categories and parts. * The more comfortable and conservative denominations in the East were small touched by revivalism. and Episcopalians. Presbyterians. Congregationalists. and Unitarians continued to lift largely from the wealthier. better-educated degrees of society. * slavery split the churches apart.
A Desert Zion in Utah
* Joseph Smith- formed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( Mormons ) ( 1830 ) * deciphered the Book of Mormon from some aureate home bases given to him by an angel ; led the Mormons to Illinois. * After Joseph Smith was killed 1844. Brigham Young led the Mormons to Utah to avoid persecution. Free Schools for a Free People
* between 1825 -1850-Tax-supported public instruction came approximately. * Americans saw that they had to educate their kids because the kids were the hereafter. * The instructors were largely work forces and didn’t know how to learn. * There weren’t really many schools in the U. S. because of their high costs to communities. * Horace Mann- campaigned efficaciously for a better schooling system. Higher Goals for Higher Learning
* 1795- The first state-supported universities showed up in the South * The University of Virginia was founded by Thomas Jefferson. * 1820s- Women’s schools at the secondary degree came because of Emma Willard.
An Age of Reform
* States bit by bit abolished debtors’ prisons due to public demand. * Criminal codifications in the provinces were being softened.
* The figure of capital discourtesies was being reduced.
* The thought that prisons should reform every bit good as punish arose. * Dorothy Dix- traveled the state. sing different refuges ; released a study on insanity and refuges ; her protests resulted in improved conditions for the mentally ill. * 1828- the American Peace Society was formed.
* It was led by William Ladd.
Demon Rum – The “Old Deluder”
* The job of imbibing was found in adult females. reverends. and members of Congress. * 1826-The American Temperance Society was formed.
* Its reformers persuaded drinkers to halt imbibing.
* Neal S. Dow- thought that intoxicant should be removed by statute law ; “Father of Prohibition” ; supported the Maine Law of 1851 * banned the industry and sale of spirits in Maine.
* The state banned the sale of intoxicant with the 18th amendment in 1918. Womans in Revolt
* Early 19th century- the function of adult females was to remain at place and be low-level to her hubby. * adult females couldn’t ballot and when married
* couldn’t retain her belongings
* adult females started to avoid matrimony.
* Gender differences were emphasized because the market economic system was
dividing adult females and work forces into distinguishable economic functions. * 1848- Feminists met at Seneca Falls. New York in a Woman’s Rights Convention to rewrite the Declaration of Independence to include adult females. Wilderness Utopians
* Robert Owen- in 1825 he founded a communal society in order to seek human improvement. * All Utopias failed
The Dawn of Scientific Achievement
* Americans were more interested in practical appliances than in pure scientific discipline. * Americans invented practical appliances. but every bit far as basic scientific discipline was concerned. Americans borrowed and adapted the findings of Europeans. * Medicine in America was still crude by modern criterions. * Early 1840s- several American physicians and tooth doctors successfully used express joying gas and quintessence as anaesthetics. Artistic Accomplishments
* Between 1820 and 1850- a Grecian resurgence in architecture came to America. * Most of the thoughts of art and picture were taken from Europe. * “Dixie” = the conflict anthem of the Confederates
* written in 1859
The Blossoming of a National Literature
* Most of the reading stuff in America was imported or taken from British beginnings. * Following the War of Independence and the War of 1812. American literature received a encouragement from the moving ridge of patriotism. * Washington Irving- the first American to win international acknowledgment as a literary figure. * James Fenimore Cooper- the first American novelist to derive universe celebrity. Trumpeters of Transcendentalism
* The transcendentalist motion of the 1830s resulted from a liberalizing of the Puritan divinity. * It besides owed to foreign influences.
* The transcendentalists rejected the theory that all cognition comes to the head through the senses. * Truth. instead. transcends the senses and can’t be found merely by observation. * Associated traits included autonomy. self-culture. and self-discipline. * Ralph Waldo Emerson-
transcendentalist poet and philosopher ; urged American authors to bury European traditions and compose about American involvements. * Henry David Thoreau- transcendentalist who believed that one should cut down his bodily wants so as to derive clip for a chase of truth through survey and speculation. Glowing Literary Lights
* Not all poets and authors of the clip were transcendentalists. * Henry Wadsworth Longfellow- one of the most celebrated poets to come from America wrote for the refined category ; was adopted by the less-cultured category. Literary Persons and Dissenters
* Edgar Allan Poe- wrote with a pessimistic tone. non like the literature at the clip. * Herman Melville- author of the fresh Moby Dick.
Portraitists of the Past
* A distinguished group of American historiographers was emerging at the same clip that other international authors were coming approximately. * Slavery was deceasing out
* the innovation of the cotton gin prompted the plantation proprietors to maintain their slaves as they now produced a high net income reaping cotton. “Cotton is King! ”
* 75 % of Britain’s cotton came from the South so it controlled Britain The Planter “Aristocracy”
* The antebellum South was more of an oligarchy
* a authorities ran by a few.
* The authorities was to a great extent affected by the plantation owner nobility. * The laterality of nobility in the South widened the spread between the rich and hapless because the blue bloods made all the determinations in their favour in authorities. * The Southern plantation married woman commanded the female slaves. Slaves of the Slave System
* The economic construction in the South became progressively monopolistic. * The plantation system was really financially unstable. * The enticement to over-speculate ( no net income w/material held ) in land and slaves caused many plantation owners to immerse into debt. The White Majority
* The less affluent slave proprietors were below the affluent slaves proprietors. * The smaller slave proprietors didn’t own a bulk of the slaves. but they made up a bulk of the Masterss. * the big figure of Whites ( 3/4 of South white population ) were those who didn’t ain slaves. * were a support of bondage because they wanted to finally have a slave or two and accomplish the “American dream” of traveling up socially in society. * The less comfortable nonslave-holding Whites were known as “poor white trash” and “hillbillies. ” * the mountain whites lived in the vale of the Appalachian scope. * Civilization hadn’t reached them yet. and they supported Abraham Lincoln’s Union party. Free Blacks: Slaves Without Masters
* Many free inkinesss settled in New Orleans.
* In the South. the free inkinesss were prohibited from holding certain occupations and forbidden from attesting against Whites in tribunal. * known as the “3rd Race”
* In the North. the free inkinesss as persons were hated more than in the South * White Southerners liked the black as an person. but hated the race. * The white Northerners liked the race. but disliked the person. Plantation Bondage
* Because the monetary value of “black ivory” ( slaves ) was so high. slaves were smuggled into the South despite the importing of African slaves into American ended in 1808. * Most slaves were the progeny of slaves already in America. * Planters regarded slaves as major investings.
Life Under the Lash
* “Black Belt”- part where most slaves were concentrated ; stretched from South Carolina and Georgia into Alabama. Mississippi. and Louisiana. * Blacks managed to prolong household life in bondage.
* Blacks molded their ain typical spiritual signifiers from a mixture of Christian and African elements. The Burdens of Bondage
* Slaves were non permitted to read
* “peculiar establishment. ”= Slavery in the South
Early Abolitionism
* American Colonization Society- founded in 1817 ; focused on transporting the inkinesss back to Africa. * Republic of Liberia- founded in 1822 as a topographic point for former slaves. * The Second Great Awakening inflamed the Black Marias of many emancipationists against the wickedness of bondage. * Theodore Dwight Weld- emancipationist who spoke against bondage ; wrote the pamphlet American Slavery As It Is ( 1839 ) which made statements against bondage ; went to Lane Theological Seminary.
Extremist Abolitionism
* William Lloyd Garrison- wrote a militantly anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator ; publically burned a transcript of the Constitution. * Sojourner Truth- freed black adult female who fought for black emancipation and women’s rights. * Frederick Douglass- lectured widely for abolitionism ; looked to political relations to stop bondage. The South Lashes Back
* 1832- provinces were traveling to do the emancipation of any sort illegal. * This nullification crisis of 1832 caused the voice of white southern abolitionism to be silenced. * The Southerners argued that bondage was supported by the Bible. * The Gag Resolution required all anti-slavery entreaties to be tabled without argument in the House of Representatives. * 1835- the authorities ordered the southern postmasters to destruct abolitionist stuff due to anti-abolitionist mobbing and rioting at a postal office in Charleston. South Carolina.
The Abolitionist Impact in the North
* Abolitionists were. for a long clip. unpopular in many parts of the North. * The southern plantation owners owed much money to the northern bankers * should the Union dissolve. the debts would be lost.
* New England fabric Millss were fed with cotton raised by the slaves * if bondage was abolished. so the critical supply would be cut off and there would be unemployment. * “Free soilers” opposed widening bondage to the western districts. The Accession of “Tyler Too”
* Both Whigs. Daniel Webster. as secretary of province. and Henry Clay. the male monarch of the Whigs and their ablest spokesman in the Senate. were set to command the Presidency. * Before Henry Harrison’s first term. he contracted pneumonia. * 4 hebdomads into the term. he died.
* This hampered Webster and Clay program.
* John Tyler- Vice President to Henry Harrison ; replacement as President following Harrison’s decease ; “Tyler too” ; a Democrat at bosom and contradicted many of the Whig Party thoughts ; vetoes Banks of United States ; lowered duty. John Tyler: A President without a Party
* When the Whig Party came to power in the presidential term. many alterations came approximately. * fiscal reform- The independent exchequer system was ended. * A measure for a “Fiscal Bank. ” went through Congress. but President Tyler vetoed it. * The Whigs presented a “Fiscal Corporation” but the president once more vetoed it. * President Tyler was rejected by his former Whig Party.
* Tyler signed the Duty of 1842 which was a protective Whig duty. A War of Words with Britain
* During the 19th Century- was much hatred of Britain. * This sparked the “Third War with England. ”
* This war was merely fought with paper circulars.
* 1837- there was a little rebellion in Canada.
* It failed because it was supported by few Canadians and it could non implement unpopular Torahs in the face of popular resistance. * 1837- the American ship. the Caroline. was sunk by a British force. * Washington functionaries made uneffective protests against the onslaught. * 1841- British functionaries in the Bahamas offered refuge to 130 Virginia slaves who had rebelled and captured the American ship Creole. Manipulating the Maine Maps
* 1842- the British wanted to construct a route due west from the haven of Halifax to Quebec. running through disputed district. * The London Foreign Office sent Lord Ashburton to Washington to settle the difference.
* He and Daniel Webster negotiated and gave the Americans 7. 000mi2 of the 12. 000mi2 of land in difference.
The Lone Star of Texas Shines Entirely
* In the 8 old ages since 1836. Mexico considered Texas as a state in rebellion and refused to acknowledge Texas’s independency. * Mexico threatened war if the America protected Texas.
* Texas made pacts with France. Holland. and Belgium. * Britain wanted to hold dealingss with Texas because Britain could seek to do Texas rupture America apart. * Britain wanted Texas as an independent ally.
The Belated Texas Nuptials
* 1844- Texas became a taking issue in the presidential run. * The Democrats were pro-expansion and were for annexing Texas. * 1845- President Tyler signed a declaration that invited Texas to go the 28th province in America.
Oregon Fever Populates Oregon
* Four states claimed Oregon Country at one clip: Spain. Russia. Britain. and the United States. * Spain dropped out of America with the Florida Treaty of 1819 and Russia dropped out with the pacts of 1824 and 1825. * Britain controlled the part North of the Columbia River. * By 1846- about 5. 000 Americans settled south of the Columbia River. * The British had a lesser population but it did non desire to give up its claims to the Columbia River. * The disputed district in Oregon Country became an issue in the election of 1844. A Mandate for Manifest Destiny
* In the election of 1844. the Whig party chose Henry Clay. and the Democrats chose James K. Polk. * James K. Polk was the Speaker of the House of Representatives for four old ages and governor of Tennessee for two footings. * He beat Henry Clay to win the election of 1844
* “Young Hickory”
* said he would protect Texas
* avoided the issue of bondage.
* 1840s and 1850s- many Americans felt that God had “manifestly” destined the American people to distribute their democratic establishments over the full continent and over South America every bit good. * Democrats strongly supported the thought of Manifest Destiny. * Henry Clay straddled the issue whether or non to annex Texas. Polk the Purposeful
* Polk had four chief ends for his presidential term –
1. A lower duty.
* Robert J. Walker- Secretary of Treasury to James Polk ; * devised the Walker Tariff of 1846- reduced the rates of the Duty of 1842 from 32 % to 25 % . 2. restore the independent exchequer. which the Whigs dropped in 1841 3. acquisition of California
4. colony of the Oregon difference without force
Misinterpretations with Mexico
* 1845- The population of California consisted of Spanish-Mexicans and Indians * Polk wanted to purchase California ( The Bear Flag Republic ) from Mexico but dealingss with Mexico were hapless due to the appropriation of Texas. * John Slidell- was sent to Mexico City ( 1845 ) by Polk to purchase California for $ 25 million * the offer was rejected.
American Blood on American Soil
* January 13. 1846- Polk ordered 4. 000 work forces under General Zachary Taylor to the Rio Grande. * May 9. 1846- Polk asked Congress to declare war on Mexico of the footing of unpaid claims and Slidell’s rejection of the buying of California. * Mexican military personnels attacked American military personnels that dark and war was declared. The Mastering of Mexico
* Polk wanted California. non war.
* when the war came. he hoped that America could draw out with California. * Generals in Mexican-American War:
* General Stephen W. Kearny- led 1. 700 military personnels to Santa Fe. * General Zachary Taylor- won many triumphs including a great triumph over a big Mexican force at Buena Vista ; future President * General Winfield Scott-succeeded in combating his manner up to Mexico City by September 1847 ; 1st pick of President Abraham Lincoln to take the Union ground forces in the Civil War. Contending Mexico for Peace
* Nicholas P. Trist- main clerk of the State Department ; signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 2. 1848. * Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- gave Texas to America and yielded the country stretching due west to Oregon and the ocean. including California. for a cost of $ 15 million * Southerners realized that the South would make good without all of Mexico * Mexico = anti-slavery.
* The pact was opposed by those who wanted all of Mexico and those who wanted none of it. Net income and Loss in Mexico
* The Mexican War provided field experience for the officers destined to go generals in the Civil War. including Captain Robert E. Lee and Lieutenant Ulysses S. Grant. * The Mexican War brought about the struggle of bondage between the provinces. * David Wilmot- proposed the amendment that stated that the district from Mexico should stay slave-free. * Wilmot Amendment- ne’er passed the Senate because the Southern members didn’t want to be robbed of possible slave provinces to originate in the hereafter from the land addition in the Treaty of Guadalupe.
The Popular Sovereignty Panacea
* Popular Sovereignty- the autonomous people of a district should find the statues of bondage. * was popular with politicians because it was a comfy via media between the emancipationists and the slaver-holders. * At the Democratic National Convention at Baltimore. the Democrats chose General Lewis Cass. a veteran of the war of 1812. as their campaigner for presidential term. * Cass supported bondage.
Political Triumphs for General Taylor
* The Whigs. who met in Philadelphia. take Zachary Taylor as their campaigner for presidential term. * Taylor didn’t have an official stance on bondage. but he did have many slaves. * Henry Clay hadn’t been chosen because he had excessively many enemies. * The Free Soil Party emerged.
* was formed by antislavery work forces of the North. who didn’t trust Cass or Taylor. * supported federal assistance for internal betterments.
* argued that with bondage. pay labour would shrivel off and with it. the opportunity for the American worker to ain belongings. * Zachary Taylor won the election of 1848 ( sworn into office in 1849 ) . “Californy Gold”
* 1848- gold was discovered in California.
* The haste of people in hunt of gold in California brought much force and disease that the little authorities in California couldn’t grip. * Necessitating protection. the Californians bypassed the territorial phase of a province. drafted their ain Constitution ( excepting bondage ) in 1849. and applied to Congress for admittance into the Union. * The Southerners objected to California’s admittance as a free province because it would be upset the balance of free and break one’s back provinces in the Senate. Sectional Balance and the Underground Railroad
* Harriet Tubman- music director of the Underground Railroad who rescued 100s of slaves. * 1850- Southerners were demanding a new and rigorous fugitive-slave jurisprudence. ( The old fugitive-slave jurisprudence passed by Congress in 1793 was really weak. ) * The slave proprietors rested their statement on the Constitution. which protected bondage.
Twilight of the Senatorial Giants
* The congressional argument of 1850 was called to turn to the possible admittance of California to the Union and menaces of sezession by Southerners. * Known as the “immortal three. ” Henry Clay. John Calhoun. and Daniel Webster spoke at the forum. * Henry Clay- the “Great Pacificator. ” proposed a series of via medias. He suggested that the North ordain a stricter fugitive-slave jurisprudence. * John Calhoun- the “Great Nullifier. ” proposed to go forth bondage entirely. return runaway slaves. give the South its rights as a minority. and reconstruct the political balance. His position was that two presidents would be elected. one from the South and one from the North. each giving one veto. * Daniel Webster proposed that all sensible via medias should be made with the South and that a new fugitive-slave jurisprudence be formed. * was against bondage and he supported Wilmot Proviso. but felt that cotton could non turn in the districts gained from the Mexican-American War. Deadlock and Danger on Capital Hill
* William H. Seward- senator of New York ; antislavery and argued that God’s moral jurisprudence was higher than the Constitution. * President Zachary Taylor seemed set on blackballing any via media between the North and South that went through Congress. Interrupting the Congressional Logjam
* 1850- President Taylor died all of a sudden and Vice President Millard Fillmore took the presidential term. * President Fillmore signed a series of via medias.
* During this clip period. a 2nd Era of Good Feelingss came approximately. * Talk of sequence subsided and the Northerners and Southerners were determined that the via medias would stop the issue of bondage. Balancing the Compromise Scales
* Within the Compromise of 1850. California was admitted as a free province and the districts of New Mexico and Utah were unfastened to slavery on the footing of popular sovereignty. * the Senate was unbalanced in favour of the North.
* Fugitive-Slave Law of 1850- ( the Bloodhound Bill ) flying slaves could non attest on their ain behalf and they were denied a jury test. * Northerners who aided slaves seeking to get away were capable to mulcts and gaol clip. * This=one Southern addition from the Compromise of 1850.
* The events in the 1850s caused the Northerners to defy sequence. Defeat and Doom for the Whigs
* In the Democratic Convention of 1852 in Baltimore. the Democrats chose Franklin Pierce as their campaigner for presidential term. * He supported the conclusiveness of everything. including the Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Law. * Meeting in Baltimore. the Whigs chose Winfield Scott as their campaigner for presidential term. * He besides praised the Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Law. * The ballots for the Whig party were split between Northern Whigs. who hated the party’s platform but accepted the campaigner. and Southern Whigs. who supported the platform but non the campaigner. * Franklin Pierce won the election of 1852.
* marked the terminal of the Whig party.
* It died on the issue of the Fugitive-Slave Law.
* The Whig party had upheld the ideal of the Union through their electoral strength in the South. President Pierce the Expansionist
* The triumph of the Mexican War stimulated the spirit of Manifest Destiny. * Americans were looking in front to possible canal paths and to the islands near them. notably Spain’s Cuba. * Americans lusted for district after the Compromise of 1850. * William Walker installed himself as the President of Nicaragua in July 1856. * He legalized bondage. but was overthrown by environing Cardinal American states and killed in 1860. * Nicaragua was the world’s taking Marine and commercial power. * The British. fearing the Americans would monopolise the trade arterias at that place. secured a bridgehead in Greytown. * The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty- neither America nor Britain would strengthen or procure sole control over any waterway between two organic structures of land * 1854- Japan was persuaded to subscribe a pact that started the trade of America with Japan. Coveted Cuba: Pearl of the Antilles
* Cuba = prized by Southerners who saw it as the most desirable slave district available. * They felt future provinces originating from it would finally reconstruct the balance in the Senate. * President Polk had offered $ 100 million to purchase from Spain. but Spain refused. * 1850-1851- two expeditions full of Southern work forces descended upon Cuba. with the hopes of taking it over. * Spanish functionaries in Cuba seized an American ship. the Black Warrior. in 1854. * It was now clip for President Pierce to arouse a war with Spain and take Cuba.
* The secretary of province instructed the American curates in Spain. England. and France to fix confidential recommendations for the
acquisition of Cuba. * This papers = Ostend Manifesto
* It stated that if Spain didn’t allow America to purchase Cuba for $ 120 million. so America would assail Cuba on evidences that Spain’s continued ownership of Cuba endangered American involvements. * The papers finally leaked out and the Northerners foiled the President’s slave-driven program. Pacific Railroad Promoters and the Gadsden Purchase
* With the acquisition of California and Oregon. the transcontinental railway was proposed. * The inquiry was where to hold the railway begin-the North or the South. * Secretary of War Jefferson Davis had James Gadsden purchase an country of Mexico from Santa Anna for which the railway would go through. * Gadsden negotiated a pact in 1853 and the Gadsden Purchase country was ceded to the United States for $ 10 million. * The railway ran from California to Houston. Texas.
Douglas’s Kansas-Nebraska Scheme
* Stephen A. Douglas- longed to interrupt the North-South dead end over westbound enlargement ; proposed the Territory of Nebraska be sliced into two districts. Kansas and Nebraska. * Their position on bondage would be decided by popular sovereignty. * Kansas would be presumed to be a slave province. while Nebraska would be a free province. * Kansas-Nebraska Act ran into the job of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which forbade bondage in the proposed Nebraska Territory. * Douglas was forced to suggest the repealing of the Missouri Compromise. President Pierce to the full supported the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. Congress Legislates a Civil War
* The Kansas-Nebraska act wrecked two via medias: the Compromise of 1820 which the act repealed ; and the Compromise of 1850. which northern sentiment repealed indirectly. * The Democratic Party was shattered by the Kansas-Nebraska Act. * The Republican Party was formed in the Mid-West and it had moral protests against the additions of bondage. * It included Whigs. Democrats. Free-Soilers. Know-Nothings. and other enemies of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. * 1855The Kansas Territory erupted in force between proslavery and antislavery statements. * 1857- the Supreme Court’s Dred Scott determination invalidated the Missouri Compromise of 1820.
