Carl Jung Essay Research Paper Carl JungCarl
Carl Jung Essay, Research Paper
Carl Jung
Carl Gustav Jung ( 1875-1961 ) was a boy of a curate in Switzerland. He
was born on July 26, in the little small town of Kesswil on Lake Constance. He
was named after his gramps, a professor of medical specialty at the University
of Basel. He was the oldest kid and merely lasting boy of a Swiss Reform
curate. Two brothers died in babyhood before Jung was born. Jung & # 8217 ; s female parent
was a neurotic and frequently fought with his male parent. Father was normally lonely
and really cranky. When the kid could non take his female parent & # 8217 ; s depressions
and his parents & # 8217 ; battles, he sought safety in the loft, where he played
with a wooden manikin. Carl was exposed to decease early in life, since his
male parent was a curate and attended many funerals, taking his boy with him.
Besides, Jung saw many fishermen get killed in the waterfalls and besides many
hogs get slaughtered. When he was eleven, he went to a school in Basel, met
many rich people and realized that he was hapless, compared to them. He liked
to read really much outside of category and detested math and physical instruction
categories. Actually, gym category used to give him conking enchantments ( neuroticism )
and his male parent worried that Jung wouldn & # 8217 ; Ts make a good life because of his
enchantments. After Carl found out about his male parent & # 8217 ; s concern, the swoons
all of a sudden stopped, and Carl became much more studious.
He had to make up one’s mind his profession. His picks included archaeology,
history, medical specialty, and doctrine. He decided to travel into medical specialty, partially
because of his gramps. Carl went to the University of Basel and had
to make up one’s mind so what field of medical specialty he was traveling to travel into. After
reading a book on psychopathology, he decided that this was the field for him,
although psychopathology was non a respectable field at the clip. Jung became
an helper at the Burgholzli Mental infirmary in Zurich, a celebrated medical
infirmary. He studied under Eugen Bleuler, who was a celebrated head-shrinker
who defined schizophrenic disorder. Jung was besides influenced by Freud with whom he
subsequently became good friends. Freud called him his crown-prince. Their
relationship ended when Jung wrote a book called & # 8220 ; Symbols of
Transformation. & # 8221 ; Jung disagreed with Freud & # 8217 ; s cardinal thought that a symbol
is a cloaked representation of a pent-up want. I will travel into that
subsequently. After dividing up with Freud, Jung had a 2 twelvemonth period of
non-productivity, but so he came out with his & # 8220 ; Psychological Types, & # 8221 ; a
celebrated work. He went on several trips to larn about crude societies
and originals to Africa, New Mexico to analyze Pueblo Indians, and to India
and Ceylon to analyze eastern doctrine. He studied spiritual and supernatural
beliefs like I Ching, a Chinese method of luck stating. Alchemy was
besides one of his involvements. His book, & # 8220 ; Psychology and Alchemy, & # 8221 ; published
in 1944 is among his most of import Hagiographas. He studied what all this
told about the human head. One of his methods was word association, which
is when a individual is given a series of words and asked to react to them.
Abnormal response or vacillation can intend that the individual has a complex
about that word.
His basic belief was in complex or analytical psychological science. The end is
psychosynthesis, or the fusion and distinction of the mind
( head ) . He believed that the head started out as a whole and should remain
that manner. That answered structural, dynamic, developmental inquiries. I
will try to repeat the major thoughts and footings in this book in a
pseudo-outline. It will do the understanding a spot more clear.
Structure
& # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ;
Jung said that there are three degrees of head. Conscious, Personal
Subconscious, and Collective Subconscious. The witting degree serves four
maps. The following are the maps of people ( non types! ) :
A. Thinking: connecting thoughts in ordered strings.
B. Feeling: evaluating thoughts upon feelings about them.
C. Sensing: wanting to acquire experiences.
D. Intuiting: following baseless thoughts.
A & A ; B are called rational, and C & A ; D are called irrational. If they
Don & # 8217 ; t do much sense, they will be explained in more item after
explicating Types.
There are besides 2 categories of witting behaviour:
A. Introverted, which are people who are content to remain within their
ain mind. They base their whole life on analysing their head.
B. Extroverted, which are people who seek out other people. They care
about the outside universe and adjust to it.
Besides, one of the two categories normally dominates, and seldom does one see
an single with absolutely balanced categories of behaviour. Jung said that
an self-importance is a filter from the senses to the witting head. All self-importance
rejections go to the personal subconscious. The self-importance is extremely selective.
Every twenty-four hours we are subjected to a huge figure of experiences, most of which
make non go witting because the self-importance eliminates them before they reach
consciousness. This differs from Freud & # 8217 ; s definition of self-importance, which we
studied in category. The personal subconscious Acts of the Apostless like a filing cabinet for
those ego rejections. Bunchs of related ideas in the personal
subconscious signifier Complexes. One type of complex we have talked about in
category is the Oedipus Complex. For illustration, if one has a female parent composite,
( s ) he can non be independent of his/her female parent or a similar figure.
Complexs are frequently extremely seeable to people, but unfelt by the person
who has the complex. As already mentioned, composites can be revealed by
word association, which will do hang-ups, if mentioned. A strong or
entire composite will rule the life of a individual, and weak or partial
composite will drive a individual in a way of it, but non excessively strongly. Angstrom
complex, as Jung discovered, need non be a hinderance to a individual & # 8217 ; s
accommodation. In fact, quite the contrary. They can be and frequently are
beginnings of inspiration and thrust which are indispensable for outstanding
accomplishment. Complexs are truly suppressed feelings. Say you want to be
a fireman, but your parents don & # 8217 ; t allow you, so you might hold suppressed
feelings about it and allow it drive you, so you might believe that firemen are
heroes, because you ne’er could be one.
The Collective Subconscious is familial. It sets up the form of
one & # 8217 ; s mind. A aggregation of so called primordial images which people
inherit, besides called originals are stored here. They are cosmopolitan
dispositions that all people have in common someplace by agencies of heredity.
The four of import originals that play really important functions in
everyone & # 8217 ; s personality are Persona, Anima ( us ) , Shadow, and the Self. Here
is a brief explan ation of each.
Persona & # 8211 ; from Latin word significance & # 8220 ; mask. & # 8221 ; Something histrions wore to portray
a certain personality. In Jungian psychological science, the character
original serves a similar intent ; it enables one to portray a
character that is non needfully his ain. The character is the
mask or facade one exhibits publically, with the purpose of
showing a favorable feeling so that society will accept
him. This is necessary for endurance, for the ground that it
enables us to acquire along with people, even those we diskike, in an
amicable mode. Say, you have to acquire a occupation, and what is expected
of you is such personal features such as training,
vesture, and manners, so even if you don & # 8217 ; t exhibit those at
place, you have to show them at work, in order to acquire this
occupation. A individual may besides hold more than one character.
Anima, Animus & # 8211 ; Jung called the character the & # 8220 ; outward face & # 8221 ; of the mind
because it is that face which the universe sees. The & # 8220 ; inward face & # 8221 ;
he called the anima in males and the animosity in females. The anima
original is the female side of the masculine mind ; the animosity
original is the masculine side of the female mind. Man has
developed his anima original by continous exposure to adult females over
many coevalss, and adult female has developed her animus arch etype
by her exposure to work forces. Anima and animus original, like that of
the character, have strong survival value. If a adult male exhibits merely
masculine traits, his feminine traits remain unconscious and
hence these traits remain undevel oped and crude. This,
if you will retrieve, is like Jack, who was a butch cat, and was
encouraged to fling all feminine traits. Jung said that since
this image is unconscious, it is ever unconsciously projected
upon the individual of the beloved, ( i.e. girlfriend ) and is one of
the main grounds for passionate attractive force or antipathy. So, for
illustration, if I ever thought that adult females were pecking, so I
would project that impression onto my married woman, and think that she is
nagging, although she is absolutely customary. If he experiences
a & # 8220 ; passionate attractive force, & # 8221 ; so the adult female doubtless has the
same traits as his anima-image of adult female. Western civilisation
seems to put a high value on conformance and to belittle
muliebrity in work forces and maleness in adult females. The depreciation
existences in childhood when & # 8220 ; pantywaists & # 8221 ; and & # 8220 ; tomboys & # 8221 ; are ridiculed.
Peter was expected to be sort and gentle, which would convey deri
Zion. Male childs are merely expected to conform to a culturally
specified masculine function and misss to a feminine function. Therefore, the
character takes precedency over and stifles the anima or animosity.
The Shadow & # 8211 ; This is another original that represents one & # 8217 ; s ain gender and
that influences a individual & # 8217 ; s relationships with his ain sex. The
shadow contains more of adult male & # 8217 ; s basic animate being nature than any other
original does. Because of its highly deep roots in
evolutionary history, it is likely the most powerful and
potentially the most unsafe of all the originals. It is the
beginning of all that is best and worst in adult male, particularly in his
dealingss with others of the same sex. In order for a individual to
go an built-in member of the community, it is necessary to
chasten his carnal liquors contained in the shadow. This taming is
accomplished by stamp downing manifestations of the shadow and by
developing a strong character which counteracts the power of the
shadow. For illustration, if a individual suppresses the carnal side of
his nature, he may go civilised, but he does so at the
disbursal of diminishing the motor power for spontaneousness,
creativeness, strong emotions, and deep penetrations. A shadowless
life tends to go shallow and spiritless. The shadow is
highly relentless and does non give easy to suppression.
Say, a husbandman was in spired to be a psychological science instructor.
Inspirations are ever the work of the shadow. The husbandman does
non believe this inspiration is executable at the clip, likely
since his character as a husbandman is excessively strong, so he rejects it.
But the thought keeps blighting him, because of the persistent
force per unit area exerted by the shadow. Finally, one twenty-four hours he gives in and
bends from farming to learning psychological science. When the self-importance and the
shadow work in close harmoniousness, the individual feels full of life and
energy.
The Self & # 8211 ; The construct of the entire personality or mind is a cardinal
characteristic of Jung & # 8217 ; s psychological science. This integrity, as pointed out in
the treatment of the mind, is non achieved by seting the
parts together in a jigsaw manner ; it is at that place to get down with,
although it takes clip to maturate. It is sometimes manifested in
dreams, it leads to self realisation, its the drive
force to be
a complete individual! The ego is the cardinal original in the gap
lective unconscious, much as the Sun us the centre of the solar
system. It unites the personality. When a individual says he experience
in harmoniousness with himself and with the universe, we can be certain that
the ego original is executing its work efficaciously.
There are three ways how your mind works together. One construction may
compensate for the failing of another construction, one constituent may oppose
another constituent, and two or more constructions may unify to organize a
synthesis. Compensation may be illustrated by the contrasting attitudes of
extroversion and invagination. If extroversion is the dominant or superior
attitude of the witting self-importance, so the unconscious will counterbalance by
devel oping the pent-up attitude of invagination. Compensation besides
occurs between map, which I briefly mentioned earlier. A individual who
emphasiss believing or experiencing in his witting head will be an intuitive,
esthesis type unconsciously. As we studied in category, this balance, which
compensation provides us with, is healthy. It prevents our minds from
going neurotically imbalanced. We need to hold a small Peter and Jack
in all of us. Resistance exists everyplace in the personality: between
the character and the shadow, between the character and the anima, and between
the shadow and the anima. The competition between the rational and irrational
forces of the mind ne’er ceases either. One & # 8217 ; s unity of & # 8220 ; self & # 8221 ; can
really find whether or non this resistance will do a smashing
of a personality. Must personality ever by a house divided against
itself, though? Jung thought non. There can ever be a brotherhood of
antonyms, a subject that looms really big in Jung & # 8217 ; s Hagiographas.
DYNAMICS
& # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ;
The mind is a comparatively closed system that has merely a fixed sum of
energy besides called Values, which is the sum of energy devoted to a
constituent of the head. There are some channels into the mind through
which ene rgy can come in in signifier of experiences. If the mind were a
wholly closed systems, it could make a province of perfect balance, for it
would non be subjected to interference from the exterior. The slightest
stimulation may hold far-reaching effects on one & # 8217 ; s mental stableness.
This shows that it is non the sum of energy that is added, but the
riotous effects that the added energy green goodss within the mind. These
riotous effects are caused by monolithic redistributions of energy within
the system. It takes merely the slightest force per unit area on the trigger of a
loaded gun to do a great catastrophe. Similarly, it may take merely the
slightest add-on of energy to an unstable mind to bring forth big effects
in a individual & # 8217 ; s behaviour. Psychic energy is besides called Libido. It is non
to be confused with Freud & # 8217 ; s definition of libido. Jung did non curtail
libido to sexual energy as Freud did. In fact, this is one of the
indispensable differences in the theories of the two work forces. It can be classified
as existent or possible forces that perform psychological work. It is frequently
expressed in desires and wants for objects. The values for things are
hidden in composites.
The mind is ever active, yet it is still really hard for people to
accept this position of a continuously active mind, because there is a strong
inclination to compare psychic activity with witting activity. Jung, every bit good
as Freud, hammered off at this misconception, but it persists even today.
The beginning of psychic energy is derived from one & # 8217 ; s inherent aptitudes and diverted
into other utilizations. Like a waterfall is used to make energy, you have to
utilize your inherent aptitudes to turn into energy every bit good. Otherwise, merely like the
waterfall, your inherent aptitudes are wholly bootless. For illustration, if you
think that to acquire a beautiful married woman, you have to be rich, so you direct your
sexual thrust into a concern character, which will convey you money.
There are two rules of psychic kineticss. What happens to all that
energy?
1. Principle of Equivalence. Energy is non created nor destroyed. If
it leaves something, it has to come up. For illustration, if a kid devoted a
batch of energy to reading cartoon strips, it might be redirected into a different
character, som ething like being Mr. Cool Dude! He so will free involvement
in reading cartoon strips. Energy besides has an disposition to transport inclinations of
its beginning to its finish.
2. Principle of Entropy. Energy normally flows from high to moo. If you
hold a extremely developed construction ( persona, for illustration ) , alternatively of
equalizing, it may get down pulling values from other systems to hike itself
even higher. Such extremely energized systems have a inclination to travel BOOOOM!
So, information can destruct those high energy systems if they get excessively large. The
operation of the information rule consequences in an equilibrium of forces.
Merely like two organic structures of different temperatures touching each other would
shortly equalize temperatures. The hotter one will reassign heat to the
ice chest one. Once a balance is reached in your mind, harmonizing to Jung, it
will be so hard to upset. Tho se two rules influence the
followers:
Progression and Regression. Progression is the progress of psychological
version. For illustration, if you need a shadow ( creativeness, possibly ) , you
will seek to develop one. When conflicting traits loose power, your mind
enters arrested development. Say, your character and shadow are in resistance and
because they are in resistance, they both would be suppressed, because
neither would acquire adequate libido, or energy.
Development
& # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ;
Jung stated that there are fundamentally four phases of life. They are
Childhood, Youth and Young Adulthood, Middle Age, and Old Age. In the
get downing ( childhood ) , a individual & # 8217 ; s mind is undefferentiated and this
individual becomes a projection of the parents mind. Children are non
persons in the beginning of their life, because their Ir memories don & # 8217 ; T
hold excessively much stored in them and they lack a sense of continuity because of
that. As they gain experience, they realize that they are their ain individual
and non their parents & # 8217 ; projection. The phase of young person and maturity is
announced by the physiological alterations that occur during pubescence. During
this phase, an single establishes his/her place in life. His
career and matrimony spouse are determined. A individual normally uses his
Anima and Shadow to d ecide those things. Valuess are channeled into his
constitution in the outside universe. Once one is independent, even a little
experience can act upon him greatly. The Middle Age is the one frequently
neglected by head-shrinkers. Tonss of people have jobs in this phase.
They normally don & # 8217 ; t cognize what to make with the energy left over that was
devoted to set uping places in society as young person. As the rule of
information suggests, the energy is conserved, so one time an grownup put it to utilize,
he must airt it elsewhere. Jung stated that those left-over energies
can be usefully diverted into religious contemplation and enlargement.
Nothing much happens in old age. Peoples have so much energy of experiences
in their mind that even a major experience won & # 8217 ; t upset their
psychological balance.
Frequently, society will coerce people to presume prefered types. Types are
classs of categorizations of minds which are non-absolute and have no
definite boundaries. There are eight & # 8220 ; types. & # 8221 ; Types are combinations of
maps and attitudes ( page 3 ) . The following are the eight chief types:
1. Extraverted Thinking Type. This type of adult male elevates nonsubjective
believing into the governing passion of his life. He is typified by the
scientist who devotes his energy to larning every bit much as he can about
the nonsubjective universe. The most developed extrovert mind is an
Einstein.
2. Introverted Thinking Type. This type is inward-directed in his
thought. He is exemplified by the philosopher or experiential
psychologist who seeks to understand the world of his ain being.
He may finally interrupt his ties with world and go
schizophrenic.
3. Extraverted Feeling Type. This type, which Jung observes is more
often found in adult females, subordinates believing to feeling.
4. Introverted Feeling Type. This type is besides more normally found
among adult females. Unlike their extrovert sisters, introverted feeling
individuals keep their feelings hidden from the universe.
5. Extraverted Sensation Type. Peoples of this type, chiefly work forces, take an
involvement in roll uping facts about the external universe. They are
realistic, practical, and hardheaded, but they are non peculiarly
concerned about what things mean.
6. Introverted Sensation Type. Like all introverts, the introspective
esthesis type stands distant from external objects, plunging himself
in his ain psychic esthesiss. He considers the universe to be commonplace
and uninteresting.
7. Extraverted Intuitive Type. Peoples of this type, normally adult females, are
characterized by arbitrariness and instability. They jump from
state of affairs to state of affairs to detect new possibilities in the external
universe. They are ever looking for new universes to suppress before they
hold conquered old 1s.
8. Introverted Intuitive Type. The creative person is a representative of this
type, but it besides contains dreamers, Prophetss, visionaries, and
grouchs. He normally thinks of himself as a misunderstood mastermind.
Variations in the grade to which each of the attitudes and maps are
consciously developed or remain unconscious and undeveloped can bring forth a
broad scope of differences among persons.
This book is an highly valuable beginning of idea arousing logic.
Jung wrote with common sense, passion, and compassion, and the reader
experiences a & # 8220 ; daze of acknowledgment & # 8221 ; ; he will acknowledge truths he has
known, but which he has non been able to show in words. This book made
me think about myself, and people in general. How people & # 8217 ; s heads work,
including my ain. I found a batch of & # 8220 ; truth & # 8221 ; or at least I though I did in
Jung & # 8217 ; s instructions. I could associate some of the reading stuff to elements
studied in category. One will be astounded by the figure of Jung & # 8217 ; s thoughts that
anticipated those of ulterior authors. Many of the new tendencies in psychological science
and related Fieldss are indebted to Jung, who foremost gave them their
way. The book is besides interesting, because of its challenging
nature. I suppose that non all people would bask reading such type of
literature, since many people in this universe are sensational types. I
surely did bask it, and have found out some things about myself in the
procedure. The book is really good written. It has many good analogies and
accounts which even the most sensational type would understand. The
aggregation of information is enormous. There is so much information
bundled in 130 pages, that it makes you think that 500 pages would non be
plenty to truly explicate profoundly the capable affair. This book can be
faultlessly us ed as a text edition, which could turn out to be good in
psychological science categories. I strongly recommend reading this book to all
audiences that want to. A individual, content with the universe around him, non
wishing to dispute the mystifiers of nature, should non. This book is a
hoarded wealth for all who seek to research the human head.
Bibliography
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